Pareques viola — Details

Highhat learn more about names for this taxon

Overview

Comprehensive Description

Description

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Common names: highhat (English), corvinita (Espanol)
 
Pareques viola (Gilbert in Jordan & Evermann, 1898)


Gungo highhat,     Lined highhat



Body deep, oblong, compressed; snout overhangs horizontal mouth; top jaw notched, encloses lower; chin with 5 pores, no barbels; 17 short gill rakers; preopercle smooth; dorsal fin with long base, deep notch between spiny and soft parts, spiny part high, bluntly pointed, IX + I, 40-41; anal fin with short base, II, 7, 2nd  spine thick, a little shorter than 1st  ray; pectoral short; tail fin bluntly rounded; scales rough including on operculum; 50-56 lateral line scales; most of soft dorsal and anal fins covered with thick sheaths of scales.



Charcoal head, body and fins; often a purplish sheen on head and body; mouth whitish; front of first dorsal fin black. Small juveniles are white with 4 thick + 3 thin black stripes and black bars on the spinous dorsal and pelvic fins, the stripes increase in number in larger juveniles, but gradually disappear in subadults.

Maximum size to 25 cm.

Inhabits rocky coastal reefs; adults are secretive, emerging from crevices at dusk to feed during the night; juveniles form small aggregations close to shelter.



Depth: 3-35 m.

Panama to Peru.

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Biology

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Adults are secretive nocturnal fish that hide under ledges by day and come out only at night to feed on the epifauna of the substrate. The adults sometimes form large inactive aggregations in caves, but little or no feeding occurs. Schools of juveniles appear only in the summer.
  • Chao, L.N. 1995 Sciaenidae. Corvinas, barbiches, bombaches, corvinatas, corvinetas, corvinillas, lambes, pescadillas, roncachos, verrugatos. p. 1427-1518. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para identificacion de especies para los fines de la pesca. Pacifico Centro-oriental. 3 volumes. 1813 p. (Ref. 9118)   http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9118&speccode=13985 External link.
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Distribution

Range Description

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This species is endemic to the Eastern Pacific, and is found from Panama to northern Peru, including Malpelo Island.
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Depth

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Depth Range (m): 3 (S) - 35 (S)
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Zoogeography

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See Map (including site records) of Distribution in the Tropical Eastern Pacific


 
Global Endemism: All species, East Pacific endemic, Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) endemic

Regional Endemism: All species, TEP endemic, Continental TEP endemic, Panamic province endemic, Continent

Residency: Resident

Climate Zone: Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo)

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Eastern Pacific: throughout Gulf of California south to Peru. Recorded in the Galapagos Islands during the 1982-83 El Niño (Ref. 9405).
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Physical Description

Morphology

Size

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Length max (cm): 25.0 (S)
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Size

Max. size

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25.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 9118))
  • Chao, L.N. 1995 Sciaenidae. Corvinas, barbiches, bombaches, corvinatas, corvinetas, corvinillas, lambes, pescadillas, roncachos, verrugatos. p. 1427-1518. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para identificacion de especies para los fines de la pesca. Pacifico Centro-oriental. 3 volumes. 1813 p. (Ref. 9118)   http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9118&speccode=13985 External link.
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Diagnostic Description

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Body elongate, moderately compressed, and deep, with a strongly arched dorsal profile; snout prominent; mouth small and sub-terminal; lower jaw enclosed by upper; chin with 5 pores but without barbels; edge of preopercle slightly serrate; lower branch of first gill arch with 6 gill rakers; second dorsal fin very long, with 32 to 33 soft rays; body uniformly dark, from purplish bronze to grayish brown; fins dark or blackish (Ref. 55763).
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Type Information

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Cotype for Eques viola
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Fishes
Collector(s): C. Gilbert & et al.
Year Collected: 1896
Locality: Canas, behind Isla Raya., Los Santos Province, Panama, Pacific
  • Cotype:
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Ecology

Habitat

Habitat and Ecology

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Habitat and Ecology
This species is associated with rocky and coral reefs to depths of 35m. In Gulf of Chiriqui, Panama, this fish was only seen at a deep rocky wall (Dominici-Arosemena and Wolff, 2006). Adults are secretive, nocturnal fish that hide under ledges by day and come out only at night to feed on the epifauna of the substrate. Schools of juveniles appear only in the summer.

Systems
  • Marine
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Depth range based on 17 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 2 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 1 - 27
  Temperature range (°C): 22.443 - 24.258
  Nitrate (umol/L): 0.515 - 3.645
  Salinity (PPS): 34.695 - 35.261
  Oxygen (ml/l): 4.747 - 4.879
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.457 - 0.897
  Silicate (umol/l): 3.677 - 7.763

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 1 - 27

Temperature range (°C): 22.443 - 24.258

Nitrate (umol/L): 0.515 - 3.645

Salinity (PPS): 34.695 - 35.261

Oxygen (ml/l): 4.747 - 4.879

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.457 - 0.897

Silicate (umol/l): 3.677 - 7.763
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
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Habitat

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Salinity: Marine, Marine Only

Inshore/Offshore: Inshore, Inshore Only

Water Column Position: Bottom, Bottom only

Habitat: Reef (rock &/or coral), Reef only, Rocks, Reef associated (reef + edges-water column & soft bottom)

FishBase Habitat: Reef Associated
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Environment

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reef-associated; marine
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Trophic Strategy

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Adults are secretive nocturnal fish that hide under ledges by day and come out only at night to feed on the epifauna of the substrate. The adults sometimes form large inactive aggregations in caves, but little or no feeding occurs. Schools of juveniles appear only in the summer (Ref. 9118). Carnivore (Ref. 57615).
  • Chao, L.N. 1995 Sciaenidae. Corvinas, barbiches, bombaches, corvinatas, corvinetas, corvinillas, lambes, pescadillas, roncachos, verrugatos. p. 1427-1518. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para identificacion de especies para los fines de la pesca. Pacifico Centro-oriental. 3 volumes. 1813 p. (Ref. 9118)   http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9118&speccode=13985 External link.
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Feeding

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Feeding Group: Carnivore

Diet: mobile benthic crustacea (shrimps/crabs)
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Life History and Behavior

Reproduction

Reproduction

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Egg Type: Pelagic, Pelagic larva
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Conservation

Conservation Status

IUCN Red List Assessment

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Red List Category
LC
Least Concern

Red List Criteria

Version
3.1

Year Assessed
2010

Assessor/s
Chao, L., Espinosa, H.

Reviewer/s
Carpenter, K., Polidoro, B., Livingstone, S. (Global Marine Species Assessment Team)

Justification
This species is relatively widespread in the Eastern Pacific. There are no major threats for this species, and no current indication of population decline. It is listed as Least Concern.
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Conservation status

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IUCN Red List: Not evaluated / Listed

CITES: Not listed
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Population

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Population
No population information is available for this species.

Population Trend
Unknown
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Threats

Threats

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Major Threats
There are no major threats known for this species.
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Least Concern (LC)
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Management

Conservation Actions

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Conservation Actions
There are no known conservation measures for this species. However, this species distribution falls partially into a number of Marine Protected Areas in the Eastern Pacific region (WDPA 2006).
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems

Benefits

Importance

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fisheries: minor commercial; aquarium: public aquariums; price category: No specialized fishery.; price reliability: medium
  • Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott 1991 World fishes important to North Americans. Exclusive of species from the continental waters of the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (21):243 p. (Ref. 4537)   http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4537&speccode=1255 External link.
  • Chao, L.N. 1995 Sciaenidae. Corvinas, barbiches, bombaches, corvinatas, corvinetas, corvinillas, lambes, pescadillas, roncachos, verrugatos. p. 1427-1518. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para identificacion de especies para los fines de la pesca. Pacifico Centro-oriental. 3 volumes. 1813 p. (Ref. 9118)   http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9118&speccode=13985 External link.
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