Eleginus gracilis — Details

A locally abundant cod in the nearshore western Arctic

Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial 3.0 (CC BY-NC 3.0)

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Back and upper sides brown to gray-green with mottling; More or less pronounced yellow wash on body and pectoral fins; Bulbous snout; Upper jaw protruding beyond the lower jaw; Truncate caudal fin; Juveniles (to 6-7 cm) have large dark blotches on sides

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Biology

Occurs in shallow coastal waters (Ref. 1371). Enters rivers and may go considerable distances upstream, but usually remaining within regions of tidal influence (Ref. 1371, 27547). Adults exhibit seasonal movements: inshore during winter for purposes of spawning and offshore during summer for feeding (Ref. 1371). Juveniles and adults are opportunistic epibenthic feeders; juveniles feed on fish and small benthic crustaceans (Ref. 1371). Taxonomic problems to be solved.

Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba 1990 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(10).x+442p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 1371) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=1371&speccode=25

Source: FishBase

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Distribution

Canadian Exclusive Economic Zone [Arctic part]

Miller, Roberta. 2011. The St. Anne de Bellevue Arctic Biological Station Collection In Museum collection database, Fisheries and Oceans Canada digital collections, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Quebec http://www.marinespecies.org/asteroidea/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=150285

Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (CC BY 3.0)

Source: World Register of Marine Species

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

National Distribution

Canada

Origin: Native

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

Type of Residency: Year-round

Source: NatureServe

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

North Pacific: Chemulpo in North Korea (Yellow Sea) in the southwest to Sitka, Alaska in the southeast. Beyond the Bering Strait from Cape Lisburne in Chukchi Sea and east to Dease Strait (south coast of Victoria Island). Precise delimitation of the range depends on additional taxonomic study.

Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba 1990 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(10).x+442p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 1371) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=1371&speccode=25

Source: FishBase

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Physical Description

Morphology

Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 44 - 59; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 39 - 47; Vertebrae: 57 - 64

Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba 1990 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(10).x+442p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 1371) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=1371&speccode=25

Source: FishBase

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Size

Maximum size: 550 mm TL

Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial Share Alike 3.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)

Source: FishWise Professional

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Max. size

55.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 1371)); max. published weight: 1,300 g (Ref. 56527); max. reported age: 15 years (Ref. 56527)

Fadeev, N.S. 2005 Guide to biology and fisheries of fishes of the North Pacific Ocean. Vladivostok, TINRO-Center. 366 p. (Ref. 56527) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=56527&speccode=50376
Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba 1990 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(10).x+442p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 1371) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=1371&speccode=25

Source: FishBase

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Diagnostic Description

Distinguished by the presence of 3 dorsal and 2 anal fins, a lower jaw that is shorter than the upper, a chin barbel that is no longer than half the eye diameter, and a space between the second and third dorsal fins that is equal to or longer than the eye diameter (Ref. 27547). Lateral line curved in front, ending under the second dorsal fin (Ref. 27547); head with no lateral line pores (Ref. 1371). Expanded parapophyses swollen and hollow, beginning on about the vertebral centrum 9 or 10, containing outpouchings of the swim bladder (Ref. 1371). Second pelvic ray produced; caudal truncate or slightly emarginate (Ref. 27547). Grayish brown above, upper part of sides paler, sometimes with a silvery-violet shading, often mottled with indistinct darker blotches; lower sides and belly yellowish to silver white; fins dusky, dorsal and caudal with white edges (Ref. 27547).

Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba 1990 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(10).x+442p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 1371) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=1371&speccode=25

Source: FishBase

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Ecology

Habitat

Depth range based on 90 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 38 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 420
  Temperature range (°C): -1.040 - 3.550
  Nitrate (umol/L): 1.348 - 37.718
  Salinity (PPS): 30.327 - 33.790
  Oxygen (ml/l): 2.647 - 8.585
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.714 - 3.262
  Silicate (umol/l): 12.508 - 89.836

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 420

Temperature range (°C): -1.040 - 3.550

Nitrate (umol/L): 1.348 - 37.718

Salinity (PPS): 30.327 - 33.790

Oxygen (ml/l): 2.647 - 8.585

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.714 - 3.262

Silicate (umol/l): 12.508 - 89.836

Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.

Public Domain

Source: Ocean Biogeographic Information System

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Habitat Type: Marine

Source: NatureServe

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Depth: 0 - 200m.
Recorded at 200 meters.

Habitat: demersal.

Source: FishWise Professional

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Subarctic to arctic faunal regions of North Pacific and adjacent Arctic; Demersal, in brackish waters and river mouths to continental shelf edge; Surface to depth of 200 m, typically < 100 m in the Arctic

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Environment

demersal; amphidromous; freshwater; brackish; marine; depth range 0 - 300 m (Ref. 50550)

Fedorov, V.V., I.A. Chereshnev, M.V. Nazarkin, A.V. Shestakov and V.V. Volobuev 2003 Catalog of marine and freswater fishes of the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk. Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2003. 204 p. (Ref. 50550) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=50550&speccode=4633

Source: FishBase

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Migration

Non-Migrant: No. All populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations.

Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e.g., to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites).

Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km.

Source: NatureServe

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Amphidromous. Refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea (in both directions), but not for the purpose of breeding, as in anadromous and catadromous species. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.Characteristic elements in amphidromy are: reproduction in fresh water, passage to sea by newly hatched larvae, a period of feeding and growing at sea usually a few months long, return to fresh water of well-grown juveniles, a further period of feeding and growing in fresh water, followed by reproduction there (Ref. 82692).

Source: FishBase

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Trophic Strategy

Maksimenko, V.V. 1985 Trophic relationships among young fishes in the Gulf of Korf. J. Ichthyol. 25(1):18-24. http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9046

Source: FishBase

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Feed on fish, mysids, decapods, amphipods, polychaetes; A food of some marine mammals, seabirds, and fishes

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Life History and Behavior

Life Cycle

Migrate annually into shallow waters to spawn in winter; Fecundity varies by region and increases with body length, weight, and age; 5,000-680,000 eggs laid per female; Eggs are demersal, spawned on sand-gravel substrate. Larvae are pelagic.; Begin to mature at 2-3 years. Maximum age 14 years, up to 9 years in most regions

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Spawns 5-7 times in its life, or even 9-10 times for those living 10-14 years. Fecundity varies with geographical region. It decreases from east to west in the European Arctic and from south to north in western Pacific waters. Throughout its distribution area, spawning occurs during January-February in coastal zones of bays and inlets on sand-gravel substrate and in strong tidal currents.

Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba 1990 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(10).x+442p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 1371) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=1371&speccode=25

Source: FishBase

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Molecular Biology and Genetics

Molecular Biology

Barcode data: Eleginus gracilis

The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.

There are 21 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.

WXYZ004-11|EGR120|Eleginus gracilis| ------------------------------------GGCACCCTCTATCTCGTATTTGGTGCCTGAGCCGGCATAGTCGGAACAGCCCTA---AGCCTGCTCATTCGAGCAGAGCTGAGTCAACCTGGCGCACTCCTTGGTGAC---GATCAAATTTATAATGTAATCGTTACAGCACACGCTTTCGTAATAATTTTCTTTATAGTAATACCACTAATAATTGGAGGCTTTGGAAACTGACTCATCCCCCTAATG---ATCGGTGCTCCGGATATAGCCTTCCCTCGGATAAATAACATAAGTTTCTGACTTCTGCCACCATCCTTCCTACTCCTTTTAGCATCTTCCGGTGTAGAAGCCGGGGCCGGAACAGGCTGAACCGTATACCCTCCTCTAGCAGGCAATCTCGCCCACGCCGGAGCCTCGGTTGATCTC---ACTATTTTCTCCCTTCATCTAGCAGGAATTTCATCAATTCTCGGAGCAATTAATTTTATTACCACAATCATTAATATGAAGCCCCCAGCAATCTCACAATACCAAACACCCCTCTTTGTATGAGCAGTTCTAATTACAGCTGTCCTTCTACTACTGTCTCTCCCTGTCCTAGCAGCT---GGTATTACGATACTCCTGACTGACCGTAATCTTAACACTTCCTTCTTTGACCCAGCGGGAGGAGGTGATCCTATTCTATACCAACACTTATTCTGATTCTTC-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- end --

Download FASTA File

Source: Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD)

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Statistics of barcoding coverage: Eleginus gracilis

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 21
Species: 22
Species With Barcodes: 1

Source: Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD)

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Conservation

Conservation Status

National NatureServe Conservation Status

Canada

Rounded National Status Rank: NNR - Unranked

Source: NatureServe

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

NatureServe Conservation Status

Rounded Global Status Rank: GNR - Not Yet Ranked

Source: NatureServe

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Threats

Not Evaluated

IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=57073

Source: FishBase

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems

Benefits

Importance

fisheries: highly commercial

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 1992 FAO yearbook 1990. Fishery statistics. Catches and landings. FAO Fish. Ser. (38). FAO Stat. Ser. 70:(105):647 p. (Ref. 4931) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4931&speccode=228

Source: FishBase

Trusted

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Wikipedia

Saffron cod

The saffron cod Latin: Eleginus gracilis, is a commercially harvested fish closely related to true cods (genus Gadus). It is dark grey-green to brown, with spots on its sides and pale towards the belly. It may grow to 60 cm and weigh up to 1.3 kg.

Its range spans the North Pacific, from off the Korean coasts until beyond Bering Straits, off the Alaskan coasts. It normally occurs in shallow coastal waters at less than 60 m depth but may also be found at depths up to 200 m. The saffron cod may also enter brackish and even fresh waters, occurring quite far up rivers and streams, but remaining within regions of tidal influence.

Saffron cods begin to mature during their third year of life. They feed on fish and small crustaceans. They are commercially fished in many areas of the northwestern Pacific. The country with the largest catch is Russia. It is used for human consumption in the Russian Federation and Japan, fresh or frozen.

References

"Eleginus gracilis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=164708. Retrieved 19 March 2006.
Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2005). "Eleginus gracilis" in FishBase. November 2005 version.

Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0 (CC BY-SA 3.0)

Source: Wikipedia

Unreviewed

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5