Chaetodipterus zonatus — Details

Pacific Spadefish learn more about names for this taxon

Overview

Comprehensive Description

Description

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Common names: spadefish (English), chambo (Espanol), paguala (Espanol), pollera (Espanol), catecismo (Espanol)
 
Chaetodipterus zonatus  (Girard, 1858)


Pacific spadefish


Body a highly compressed disc; snout very short, blunt; no hump on forehead before and above eye; mouth small, opens at front; teeth small, brush like, in bands; dorsal fin IX, 18-23, spines well developed & connected by a membrane, separate from soft dorsal, spines low in adult, high at front in juvenile; anal fin III, 16-20; front of soft dorsal and anal elongate; pectorals short; pelvics under pectorals; tail slightly concave; lateral line complete, 46-49 scales; scales cover body, head and most fins.


Silvery white to greyish with six black bars on head and side; fins dusky blackish except pectoral and caudal yellowish; juveniles  coppery brown, with dark bars and scattered dark spots.


Size: to 66 cm.


Inhabits bays and inlets with sand or rubble bottoms, also captured by trawlers on open sandy bottoms.  


Depth: 1-45 m.


Southern California to the Gulf of California to Peru, and  Malpelo.

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Biology

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Found in inshore areas with sandy bottoms or coral reefs, forming small schools (Ref. 9299). Feeds on benthic invertebrates (Ref. 37955). Minimum depth reported from Ref. 2850.
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Distribution

Range Description

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This eastern Pacific species is found from southern California to the Gulf of California to northern Peru, and Malpelo.
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Depth

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Depth Range (m): 1 (S) - 45 (S)
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Zoogeography

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See Map (including site records) of Distribution in the Tropical Eastern Pacific


 
Global Endemism: All species, East Pacific endemic, Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) endemic

Regional Endemism: All species, TEP endemic, Continent + Island (s), Continent, Island (s)

Residency: Resident

Climate Zone: North Temperate (Californian Province &/or Northern Gulf of California), Northern Subtropical (Cortez Province + Sinaloan Gap), Northern Tropical (Mexican Province to Nicaragua + Revillagigedos), Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo), South Temperate (Peruvian Province )

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Eastern Pacific: San Diego, California, USA to Peru.
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Physical Description

Morphology

Size

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Length max (cm): 66.0 (S)
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Size

Max. size

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65.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 2850))
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Diagnostic Description

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Body very deep and compressed; head short, with a slopping, slightly concave profile; mouth small and terminal; snout blunt and not at all prominent; posterior end of jaw not surpassing anterior rim of eye; branchiostegal membranes joined to isthmus; dorsal fin spines well developed (Ref. 55763).
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Type Information

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Type for Chaetodipterus zonatus
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Fishes
Collector(s): Cassidy
Year Collected: 1857
Locality: Off San Diego, Cal., San Diego County, California, United States, Pacific
  • Type:
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Ecology

Habitat

Habitat and Ecology

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Habitat and Ecology
This species is typically encountered in mid-water adjacent to reefs to 45m. It is reef-associated and is found in small schools, in inshore areas with sandy substrata or coral reefs. It may be found in big schools in oceanic rocky reefs (Dominici-Arosemena and Wolff 2006). This species feeds on benthic invertebrates (De La Cruz Aguero 1997). It has pelagic eggs and larvae (Robertson and Allen 2006). In Gorgona Island, Colombia (Rubio 1986), this species was frequently found in rocky areas and occasionally found in both sandy and coraline substrata. According to Cooke (1992), this fish is occasionally found in middle estuaries, mangroves, and bar-formed lagoons.

Systems
  • Marine
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Depth range based on 63 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 14 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 1 - 154
  Temperature range (°C): 21.063 - 25.936
  Nitrate (umol/L): 0.133 - 1.905
  Salinity (PPS): 33.041 - 34.249
  Oxygen (ml/l): 4.252 - 5.091
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.352 - 0.366
  Silicate (umol/l): 3.264 - 3.320

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 1 - 154

Temperature range (°C): 21.063 - 25.936

Nitrate (umol/L): 0.133 - 1.905

Salinity (PPS): 33.041 - 34.249

Oxygen (ml/l): 4.252 - 5.091

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.352 - 0.366

Silicate (umol/l): 3.264 - 3.320
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
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Environment

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reef-associated; marine; depth range 3 - 50 m (Ref. 37955)
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Habitat

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Salinity: Marine, Brackish, Freshwater

Inshore/Offshore: Inshore, Inshore Only

Water Column Position: Near Bottom, Bottom, Bottom + water column

Habitat: Reef (rock &/or coral), Rocks, Reef and soft bottom, Reef associated (reef + edges-water column & soft bottom), Soft bottom (mud, sand,gravel, beach, estuary & mangrove), Sand & gravel, Estuary

FishBase Habitat: Reef Associated
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Trophic Strategy

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Found in inshore areas with sandy bottoms or coral reefs, forming small schools (Ref. 9299). Feeds on benthic invertebrates (Ref. 37955). Omnivore (Ref. 57615).
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Feeding

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Feeding Group: Omnivore

Diet: benthic macroalgae, sea-stars/cucumbers/urchins, sponges/seasquirts/bryozoa, sessile crustacea, sessile worms, sessile molluscs
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Life History and Behavior

Reproduction

Reproduction

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Egg Type: Pelagic, Pelagic larva
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Conservation

Conservation Status

IUCN Red List Assessment

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Red List Category
LC
Least Concern

Red List Criteria

Version
3.1

Year Assessed
2010

Assessor/s
Smith-Vaniz, B, Robertson, R., Collette, B., Dominici-Arosemena, A., Molina, H., Salas, E., Guzman-Mora, A.G.

Reviewer/s
Carpenter, K., Polidoro, B., Livingstone, S. (Global Marine Species Assessment Team)

Contributor/s

Justification
This species has a wide distribution, no major threats, and occurs in Marine Protected Areas. Therefore, this species is listed as Least Concern.
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Conservation status

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IUCN Red List: Not evaluated / Listed

CITES: Not listed
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Population

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Population
This is locally common in small aggregations.This fish was reported with an abundance of 0.01 (SD 0.08) in surveys in Gulf of Papagayo Costa Rica (Dominici-Arosemena et al. 2005). In Gulf of Nicoya, this fish was found 45 times in one mangrove area, and is considered transient (Rojas et al. 1994). Although this species was not encountered in surveys in the Gulf of California (Aburto-Oropeza and Balart, 2001; Villarreal-Cavazos et al. 2000), it has been captured 3 times within 12 field surveys (one each month), in Bahia de Navidad, Jalisco, Mexico (Rojo-Vazquez et al. 2001).

Population Trend
Unknown
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Threats

Threats

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Major Threats
There are no known threats to this species.
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Least Concern (LC)
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Management

Conservation Actions

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Conservation Actions
There are no known conservation measures for this species. However, this species' distribution includes a number of Marine Protected Areas in the tropical eastern Pacific region (WDPA 2006).
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems

Benefits

Importance

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aquarium: commercial
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