Biology

Found in shallow rocky reaches, riffles and rapids of permanent rivers. Has a wider altitudinal range than most species, common where it occurs. Feeds on aquatic insects such as mayfly nymphs and caddis fly and blackfly larvae. Breeds during summer, laying eggs between rocks and in gravel. Oviparous (Ref. 205). Is a useful indicator species in river conservation studies (Ref. 7248).