Glyptocephalus cynoglossus — Details

Distribution

Gulf of St. Lawrence and Grand Banks to North Carolina

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS) http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=2901

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Distribution

Belgian Exclusive Economic Zone, European waters (ERMS scope), Gulf of Maine, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Irish Exclusive economic Zone, North West Atlantic, Portugese Exclusive Economic Zone, Scotland, Spanish Exclusive Economic Zone, United Kingdom Exclusive Economic Zone, Wimereux

Müller, Y. (2004). Faune et flore du littoral du Nord, du Pas-de-Calais et de la Belgique: inventaire. [Coastal fauna and flora of the Nord, Pas-de-Calais and Belgium: inventory]. Commission Régionale de Biologie Région Nord Pas-de-Calais: France. 307 pp. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=9269
Hayward, P.J.; Ryland, J.S. (Ed.) (1990). The marine fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe: 1. Introduction and protozoans to arthropods. Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK. ISBN 0-19-857356-1. 627 pp. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1
North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS) http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=2901
Rappé, G. (1984). A record of Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (L.) in the southern North Sea. Biol. Jb. Dodonaea 52: 146-148 /aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=133478
Hillewaert, H. 2010. Pers. com. http://www.fishbase.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=141989
van der Land, J.; Costello, M.J.; Zavodnik, D.; Santos, R.S.; Porteiro, F.M.; Bailly, N.; Eschmeyer, W.N.; Froese, R. (2001). Pisces, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 357-374 http://www.marbef.org/data/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1411
Nozères C., Archambault D., Chouinard P.-M., Gauthier J., Miller R., Parent E., Schwab P., Savard L., and Dutil J.-D. 2010. Identification guide for marine fishes of the estuary and northern Gulf of St. Lawrence and sampling protocols used during trawl surveys between 2004 and 2008. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2866: xi + 243 p http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=145051
Johnson CL, Runge JA, Curtis KA, Durbin EG, Hare JA, Incze LS, Link J, Melvin GD, O'Brien TD, Van Guelpen, L (in revision) Biodiversity and ecosystem function in the Gulf of Maine: pattern and role of zooplankton and pelagic nekton. PLoS One. http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/masdea/masdea.php?p=sourcedetails&id=148111
MEDIN (2011). UK checklist of marine species derived from the applications Marine Recorder and UNICORN, version 1.0. http://www.marinespecies.org/asteroidea/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=149081
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2011). Species.ie version 1.0 World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (version of 15 March 2010). http://www.marinespecies.org/ascidiacea/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=149068
Ramos, M. (ed.). 2010. IBERFAUNA. The Iberian Fauna Databank http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=149024

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National Distribution

Canada

Origin: Native

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

Type of Residency: Year-round

United States

Origin: Native

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

Type of Residency: Year-round

Source: NatureServe

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Western Atlantic: Gulf of St. Lawrence and Grand Banks in Canada to North Carolina. Eastern Atlantic: from northern Norway to northern Spain.

Bigelow, H.B. and W.C. Schroeder, 1953; Cooper, J.A. and F. Chapleau, 1998.

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Eastern Atlantic: Northern Spain to northern Norway. Western Atlantic: Gulf of St. Lawrence and Grand Banks in Canada to North Carolina in USA (Ref. 7251).

Nielsen, J.G. 1986 Pleuronectidae. p. 1299-1307. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4705) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4705&speccode=1371

Source: FishBase

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Physical Description

Morphology

Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 95 - 120; Analsoft rays: 85 - 102

Whitehead, P.J.P., M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) 1986 Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vols. I-III:1473 p. (Ref. 232) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=232&speccode=36

Source: FishBase

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Size

Maximum size: 600 mm SL

Source: FishWise Professional

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to 60.0 cm SL (male/unsexed); max. weight: 2,500.0 g.

Bigelow, H.B. and W.C. Schroeder, 1953; Cooper, J.A. and F. Chapleau, 1998.

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Max. size

60.0 cm SL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 4705)); max. published weight: 2,500 g (Ref. 35388); max. reported age: 25 years (Ref. 6263)

Muus, B.J. and J.G. Nielsen 1999 Sea fish. Scandinavian Fishing Year Book, Hedehusene, Denmark. 340 p. (Ref. 35388) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=35388&speccode=37
Nielsen, J.G. 1986 Pleuronectidae. p. 1299-1307. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4705) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4705&speccode=1371
Bowering, W.R. and W.B. Brodie 1991 Distribution of commercial flatfishes in the Newfoundland-Labrador region of the Canadian Northwest Atlantic and changes in certain biological parameters since exploitation. Neth. J. Sea Res. 27(3/4):407-422. (Ref. 6263) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=6263&speccode=26

Source: FishBase

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Diagnostic Description

Pectoral fin of eyed side shorter than head. Distal part of pectoral fin blackish (Ref. 232). Large mucus pores on the blind side of the head. Uniform coloration, rough scales. Body elongated with complete straight lateral line (Ref. 35388).

Whitehead, P.J.P., M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) 1986 Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vols. I-III:1473 p. (Ref. 232) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=232&speccode=36

Source: FishBase

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Type Information

Type for Glyptocephalus cynoglossus
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Fishes
Locality: Eastport, Me., Maine, United States, Atlantic

Type:

Source: National Museum of Natural History Image Collection

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Ecology

Habitat

benthic

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS) http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=2901

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Habitat

Found at depths of 45- 1460 m depth, over soft muddy bottoms.

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS) http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=2901

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Depth range based on 49924 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 34735 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): -9 - 2869
  Temperature range (°C): -2.072 - 23.867
  Nitrate (umol/L): 0.958 - 26.300
  Salinity (PPS): 30.162 - 36.255
  Oxygen (ml/l): 3.207 - 7.966
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.195 - 1.829
  Silicate (umol/l): 0.987 - 25.595

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): -9 - 2869

Temperature range (°C): -2.072 - 23.867

Nitrate (umol/L): 0.958 - 26.300

Salinity (PPS): 30.162 - 36.255

Oxygen (ml/l): 3.207 - 7.966

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.195 - 1.829

Silicate (umol/l): 0.987 - 25.595

Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.

Public Domain

Source: Ocean Biogeographic Information System

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Habitat Type: Marine

Source: NatureServe

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Depth: 45 - 1460m.
From 45 to 1460 meters.

Habitat: demersal.

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Demersal; marine; depth range 45 - 1460 m. Inhabits muddy bottoms.

Bigelow, H.B. and W.C. Schroeder, 1953; Cooper, J.A. and F. Chapleau, 1998.

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Environment

demersal; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); marine; depth range 18 - 1570 m (Ref. 5951), usually 45 - 366 m (Ref. 6263)

Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=51243&speccode=4683
Bowering, W.R. and W.B. Brodie 1991 Distribution of commercial flatfishes in the Newfoundland-Labrador region of the Canadian Northwest Atlantic and changes in certain biological parameters since exploitation. Neth. J. Sea Res. 27(3/4):407-422. (Ref. 6263) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=6263&speccode=26
Scott, W.B. and M.G. Scott 1988 Atlantic fishes of Canada. Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 219:731 p. (Ref. 5951) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=5951&speccode=26

Source: FishBase

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Migration

Non-Migrant: No. All populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations.

Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e.g., to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites).

Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km.

Source: NatureServe

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Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.

Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=51243&speccode=4683

Source: FishBase

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Trophic Strategy

Inhabits soft mud bottoms in fairly deep water (Ref. 9988). Benthic (Ref. 58426). Feeds on crustaceans, polychaetes, brittle stars (Ref. 9988) and fishes (Ref. 58426). It is preyed upon by harp seals. Parasites of the species include 4 protozoans, 11 trematodes, 6 nematodes, 2 acanthocephalans and 1 copepod (Ref. 5951). See also Ref. 9000 for diet composition.

Nielsen, J.G. 1986 Pleuronectidae. p. 1299-1307. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4705) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4705&speccode=1371

Source: FishBase

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Feeds on crustaceans, polychaetes and brittle stars.

Bigelow, H.B. and W.C. Schroeder, 1953; Cooper, J.A. and F. Chapleau, 1998.

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Associations

Known predators

Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Witch flounder) is prey of:
Gadidae
Hemitripterus americanus
Leucoraja erinacea
Leucoraja ocellata
Amblyraja radiata
Pleuronectes americanus
Squalus acanthias
Lophius americanus
Pomatomus saltatrix
Chondrichthyes
Homo sapiens

Based on studies in:
USA, Northeastern US contintental shelf (Coastal)

This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.

Source: SPIRE

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Known prey organisms

Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Witch flounder) preys on:
Crangon
Mysidae
Pandalidae
Decapoda
Gammaridae
Hyperiidae
Caprellidae
Isopoda
Cumacea
Porifera
Cancer
Brachyura
Hydrozoa
Polychaeta
Holothuroidea
Ammodytes marinus
Actinonaias ellipsiformis
Tridonta arctica
Hippoglossina oblonga

Based on studies in:
USA, Northeastern US contintental shelf (Coastal)

This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.

Source: SPIRE

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Life History and Behavior

Life Cycle

Eggs and larvae are pelagic.

Nielsen, J.G. 1986 Pleuronectidae. p. 1299-1307. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4705) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4705&speccode=1371

Source: FishBase

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Reproduction

Spawns between May and September; eggs and larvae are pelagic.

Bigelow, H.B. and W.C. Schroeder, 1953; Cooper, J.A. and F. Chapleau, 1998.

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Molecular Biology and Genetics

Molecular Biology

Barcode data: Glyptocephalus cynoglossus

The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.

There are 3 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.

GBGC7361-09|EU513640|Glyptocephalus cynoglossus| ---------------------------------------ACCCTCTATCTCGTATTTGGTGCCTGAGCCGGAATAGTGGGGACAGGCCTG---AGTCTGCTTATTCGGGCAGAGCTAAGCCAACCCGGGGCTCTCCTAGGGGAC---GACCAAATCTATAACGTAATCATAACCGCACACGCCTTTGTAATAATCTTTTTTATGGTAATGCCAATTATGATCGGGGGTTTTGGAAACTGACTTATTCCCTTAATA---ATTGGGGCCCCTGACATAGCCTTTCCTCGGATGAATAATATGAGTTTCTGACTCCTCCCTCCCTCGTTTCTTCTGCTCCTGGCCTCTTCAGGTGTTGAAGCCGGGGCTGGTACGGGGTGAACCGTTTACCCTCCCCTCGCTGGTAATCTAGCCCACGCCGGAGCATCCGTAGACCTA---ACAATCTTCTCGCTTCACCTCGCGGGTATCTCATCAATTCTAGGGGCTATTAACTTTATCACTACCATCATCAACATAAAACCTACAACAGTCACTATGTACCAAATCCCATTATTTGTTTGGGCCGTACTAATCACTGCTGTTCTTCTTCTCCTATCACTGCCTGTCTTAGCCGCT---GGAATTACAATGCTCCTAACAAACCGCACCCTAAACAACCCTTTCTTTGACCCTGCCGGAGGAGGTGACCCCATCCTCTACCAACAT----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- end --

Download FASTA File

Source: Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD)

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Glyptocephalus cynoglossus

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 3
Species: 42
Species With Barcodes: 1

Source: Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD)

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Conservation

Conservation Status

National NatureServe Conservation Status

Canada

Rounded National Status Rank: NNR - Unranked

United States

Rounded National Status Rank: NNR - Unranked

Source: NatureServe

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NatureServe Conservation Status

Rounded Global Status Rank: GNR - Not Yet Ranked

Source: NatureServe

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Threats

Not Evaluated

IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=57073

Source: FishBase

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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems

Benefits

Importance

fisheries: commercial

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 1992 FAO yearbook 1990. Fishery statistics. Catches and landings. FAO Fish. Ser. (38). FAO Stat. Ser. 70:(105):647 p. (Ref. 4931) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4931&speccode=228

Source: FishBase

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Wikipedia

Witch (righteye flounder)

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2008)

The witch or Torbay sole (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus, Linnaeus 1758)^[1] is a right-eyed flatfish found in the North Atlantic.^[2]

The species lives on soft bottoms between 45 and 1460 m and prefers temperatures of 2–6 °C. It eats mostly crustaceans, worms and brittlestars. It spawns from May to September. It grows to maturity in 3 or 4 years, and may live up to 14 years.

The name Torbay sole appears to be a mainly culinary term^[3], following the habit of renaming certain fish to broaden their appeal.

It is also called grey flounder, witch flounder as well as other local names.

The lefteye flounder Arnoglossus scapha is also known as witch.

References

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