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Encrasicholina heteroloba — Details

Shorthead Anchovy learn more about names for this taxon

Overview

Comprehensive Description

Biology

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A schooling species found inshore, but also inhabits deep bays under oceanic influence. Rarely enter mangrove waters (Ref. 43081). Probably feed mainly on planktonic crustaceans (e.g., copepods, Ref. 8591). Eggs are oval, without a knob at one end. Eggs occur intermittently in the lower reaches of mangrove waters (Ref. 43081). Utilized mostly for bait, but also for human consumption as dried fish or fermented sauce (Ref. 9987).

Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana 1988 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. Part 2 - Engraulididae. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/2):305-579. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 189) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=189&speccode=4

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Distribution

Distribution

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Comores, Djibouti, Eritrea, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Red Sea, Somalia, Tanzania

Anon. (1996). FishBase 96 [CD-ROM]. ICLARM: Los Baños, Philippines. 1 cd-rom pp. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=5909
Anon. (2000). FishBase 2000 [CD-ROM]. ICLARM: Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. 4 cd-roms pp. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=6542

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Indo-Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to northern Madagascar and the Bay of Bengal; southern Japan and northern coast of Australia to the Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa.

Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana 1988 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. Part 2 - Engraulididae. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/2):305-579. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 189) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=189&speccode=4

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Physical Description

Morphology

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Dorsal spines (total): 0; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 14 - 16

Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana 1988 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. Part 2 - Engraulididae. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/2):305-579. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 189) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=189&speccode=4

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Size

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Maximum size: 80 mm SL

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Max. size

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12.0 cm SL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 48635))

Kuiter, R.H. and T. Tonozuka 2001 Pictorial guide to Indonesian reef fishes. Part 1. Eels- Snappers, Muraenidae - Lutjanidae. Zoonetics, Australia. 302 p. (Ref. 48635) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=48635&speccode=11113

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Diagnostic Description

Description

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A schooling species found inshore, but also inhabits deep bays under oceanic influence. Probably feeds mainly on planktonic crustaceans (e.g, copepods, Ref. 8591). Eggs are oval, without a knob at one end. Utilized mostly for bait, but also for human consumption as dried fish or fermented sauce (Ref. 9987).

Anon. (1996). FishBase 96 [CD-ROM]. ICLARM: Los Baños, Philippines. 1 cd-rom pp. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=5909

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Belly rounded with 4 to 6 sharp needle-like pre-pelvic scutes. Maxilla tip pointed, projecting beyond second supra-maxilla and reaching to sub-operculum. Isthmus short, preceded by a small bony plate on urohyal between branchial membranes. Unbranched dorsal and anal fin rays only. Anal fin short. In life, a distinct blue upper edge to its lateral stripe and a dull silver or grey band on flank, the back beige.

Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana 1988 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. Part 2 - Engraulididae. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/2):305-579. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 189) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=189&speccode=4

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Ecology

Habitat

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Depth range based on 4 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 2 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 1 - 30
  Temperature range (°C): 28.664 - 28.897
  Nitrate (umol/L): 0.068 - 0.594
  Salinity (PPS): 32.613 - 34.171
  Oxygen (ml/l): 4.130 - 4.549
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.108 - 0.359
  Silicate (umol/l): 1.596 - 5.009

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 1 - 30

Temperature range (°C): 28.664 - 28.897

Nitrate (umol/L): 0.068 - 0.594

Salinity (PPS): 32.613 - 34.171

Oxygen (ml/l): 4.130 - 4.549

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.108 - 0.359

Silicate (umol/l): 1.596 - 5.009

Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.

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Source: Ocean Biogeographic Information System

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Environment

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reef-associated; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); marine; depth range 20 - 50 m (Ref. 28016)

Al Sakaff, H. and M. Esseen 1999 Occurrence and distribution of fish species off Yemen (Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea). Naga ICLARM Q. 22(1):43-47. (Ref. 28016) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=28016&speccode=1255
Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=51243&speccode=4683

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Migration

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Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.

Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=51243&speccode=4683

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Trophic Strategy

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Occurs in inshore waters of the continental shelf. Schooling species (Ref. 75154).

Thollot, P. 1996 Les poissons de mangrove du lagon sud-ouest de Nouvelle-Calédonie. ORSTOM Éditions, Paris. (Ref. 11889) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=11889&speccode=1255

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Molecular Biology and Genetics

Molecular Biology

Barcode data: Encrasicholina heteroloba

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The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.

There are 9 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.

GBGC4285-08|EU392185|Encrasicholina heteroloba| ------------------------------------------CTTTACTTGATTTTTGGTGCCTGAGCGGGGATAGTGGGGACAGCGCTC---AGCCTTCTAATCCGAGCGGAACTTAGCCAGCCCGGCGCACTTCTGGGAGAC---GACCAAATTTATAACGTAATCGTCACCGCCCATGCCTTCGTAATAATTTTCTTTATGGTTATACCCATTCTGATCGGAGGGTTCGGAAACTGACTAGTGCCTCTCATG---CTGGGGGCACCTGACATGGCATTCCCCCGAATGAACAACATAAGCTTCTGACTCCTACCTCCTTCTTTCCTTCTCCTGCTTGCATCTTCTGGTGTTGAAGCTGGTGCTGGGACAGGGTGAACTGTTTACCCACCCTTGGCGGGTAACTTGGCTCATGCAGGGGCGTCAGTCGACCTA---ACCATCTTCTCCCTGCACTTAGCAGGGATCTCCTCAATTCTAGGGGCTATCAACTTTATTACCACAATTATTAACATGAAACCCCCTGCCATTTCACAATACCAAACCCCCCTCTTCGTCTGAGCAGTTCTCATCACGGCAGTACTTTTACTCCTGTCGCTTCCGGTCCTGGCCGCC---GGAATTACTATGCTCCTTACGGACCGTAACTTAAACACCACCTTCTTTGACCCTGCCGGCGGTGGAGACCCAATTCTTTACCAACACTTA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- end --

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Encrasicholina heteroloba

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Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 9
Species: 11
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Conservation

Threats

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Not Evaluated

IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=57073

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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems

Benefits

Importance

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fisheries: minor commercial; bait: usually

Coppola, S.R., W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, N. Scialabba and K.E. Carpenter 1994 SPECIESDAB: Global species database for fishery purposes. User's manual. FAO Computerized Information Series (Fisheries). No. 9. Rome, FAO. 103 p. (Ref. 171) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=171&speccode=2534
Lewis, A.D., B.R. Smith and C.P. Ellway 1983 A guide to the common tuna baitfishes of the South Pacific Commission area. South Pacific Commission, Handbook No. 23, Noumea, New Caledonia. http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=6822

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