Petrotyx hopkinsi — Details

Velvetnose Brotula learn more about names for this taxon

Overview

Comprehensive Description

Description

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Common names: brotula (English), cusk-eel (English), brótula (Espanol), congrio (Espanol)
 
Petrotyx hopkinsi Heller & Snodgrass, 1903


Velvetnose brotula,     Velvet-nose cusk-eel


Elongate, compressed, tapering to rear; eye relatively small;  snout and jaw tips with patches of fleshy papillae; lips with fleshy fringes; preopercle margin overgrown with skin; operculum without spines; 3 developed gill rakers; dorsal and anal fins continuous with pointed tail; dorsal rays 82-88; anal rays 62-70; pelvic a double rayed filament under throat, behind eye; scales small, smooth, imbedded in skin, on head and body, about 130-140 in midlateral series; 1 lateral line on front half of body.

Brown, with dark median fins.


Size: attains 22.6 cm.

Inhabits rocky crevices.

Depth: 3-10 m.



The western Gulf of California to Panama, and Clipperton, Cocos and the Galapagos.

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Biology

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Uncommon species (Ref. 34024). Adults inhabit rocky crevices (Ref. 11482). Oviparous, with oval pelagic eggs floating in a gelatinous mass (Ref. 205).
  • Nielsen, J.G., D.M. Cohen, D.F. Markle and C.R. Robins 1999 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 18. Ophidiiform fishes of the world (Order Ophidiiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of pearlfishes, cusk-eels, brotulas and other ophidiiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(18):178p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 34024)   http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=34024&speccode=17075 External link.
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Distribution

Range Description

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This species is endemic to the Eastern Pacific, and is found from the western Gulf of California, Mexico to eastern Panama, including the Clipperton, Cocos and Galapagos Islands. It is absent from Gulf of Tehuantepec and Guatemala.
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Depth

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Depth Range (m): 3 (S) - 10 (S)
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Zoogeography

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See Map (including site records) of Distribution in the Tropical Eastern Pacific


 
Global Endemism: All species, East Pacific endemic, Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) endemic

Regional Endemism: All species, TEP endemic, Continent + Island (s), Continent, Island (s)

Residency: Resident

Climate Zone: North Temperate (Californian Province &/or Northern Gulf of California), Northern Subtropical (Cortez Province + Sinaloan Gap), Northern Tropical (Mexican Province to Nicaragua + Revillagigedos), Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo)

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Eastern Pacific: Gulf of California to the Galapagos.
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Physical Description

Morphology

Size

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Length max (cm): 22.6 (S)
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Vertebrae: 12
  • Nielsen, J.G., D.M. Cohen, D.F. Markle and C.R. Robins 1999 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 18. Ophidiiform fishes of the world (Order Ophidiiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of pearlfishes, cusk-eels, brotulas and other ophidiiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(18):178p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 34024)   http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=34024&speccode=17075 External link.
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Size

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Maximum size: 200 mm NG
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Max. size

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20.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 11482))
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Diagnostic Description

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Snout with numerous small, fleshy papillae; lips bearing series of dermal fringes; with small eye; posterior margin of preopercle skin-covered; spines absent from opercle and preopercle; upper margin of maxilla sheathed; developed gill rakers 3; single lateral line on body, no pores on head; median basibranchial tooth patch 1; branchiostegal rays 8 (Ref 34024).
  • Nielsen, J.G., D.M. Cohen, D.F. Markle and C.R. Robins 1999 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 18. Ophidiiform fishes of the world (Order Ophidiiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of pearlfishes, cusk-eels, brotulas and other ophidiiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(18):178p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 34024)   http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=34024&speccode=17075 External link.
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Ecology

Habitat

Habitat and Ecology

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Habitat and Ecology
This reef-associated species is cryptic and inhabits rocky crevices in shallow water habitats. It feeds on benthic invertebrates and small fishes (Nielsen et al. 1999, Allen and Robertson, 1994).

Systems
  • Marine
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Depth range based on 7 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 3 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 3.5 - 20
  Temperature range (°C): 22.344 - 27.485
  Nitrate (umol/L): 2.498 - 6.523
  Salinity (PPS): 33.044 - 34.632
  Oxygen (ml/l): 4.215 - 4.602
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.409 - 0.824
  Silicate (umol/l): 2.926 - 5.791

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 3.5 - 20

Temperature range (°C): 22.344 - 27.485

Nitrate (umol/L): 2.498 - 6.523

Salinity (PPS): 33.044 - 34.632

Oxygen (ml/l): 4.215 - 4.602

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.409 - 0.824

Silicate (umol/l): 2.926 - 5.791
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
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Habitat

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Salinity: Marine, Marine Only

Inshore/Offshore: Inshore, Inshore Only

Water Column Position: Bottom, Bottom only

Habitat: Reef (rock &/or coral), Reef only, Rocks, Corals, Reef associated (reef + edges-water column & soft bottom)

FishBase Habitat: Reef Associated
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Environment

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reef-associated; marine
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Trophic Strategy

Feeding

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Feeding Group: Carnivore

Diet: mobile benthic crustacea (shrimps/crabs), bony fishes
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Life History and Behavior

Reproduction

Reproduction

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Egg Type: Pelagic, Pelagic larva
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Conservation

Conservation Status

IUCN Red List Assessment

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Red List Category
LC
Least Concern

Red List Criteria

Version
3.1

Year Assessed
2010

Assessor/s
Lea, B., Béarez, P., McCosker, J.

Reviewer/s
Carpenter, K., Polidoro, B., Livingstone, S. (Global Marine Species Assessment Team)

Justification
This species is widespread in the Eastern Pacific. There are no known major threats to this species, and no current indication of population decline. It is listed as Least Concern.
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Conservation status

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IUCN Red List: Not evaluated / Listed

CITES: Not listed
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Population

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Population
There is no population information available for this species.

Population Trend
Unknown
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Threats

Threats

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Major Threats
There are no major threats known for this species.
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Least Concern (LC)
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Management

Conservation Actions

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Conservation Actions
There are no known conservation measures for this species. However, this species distribution falls partially into a number of Marine Protected Areas (WDPA 2006).
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems

Benefits

Importance

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fisheries: of no interest
  • Nielsen, J.G., D.M. Cohen, D.F. Markle and C.R. Robins 1999 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 18. Ophidiiform fishes of the world (Order Ophidiiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of pearlfishes, cusk-eels, brotulas and other ophidiiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(18):178p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 34024)   http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=34024&speccode=17075 External link.
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