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Overview
Brief Summary
Turbot are large flatfish that easily change their outer coloring to match the sea floor. By camouflaging themselves so well, they are able to catch a meal of crustaceans and fish from their hideout. Most flatfish have both their eyes on the original right side of their body. However, turbot have them on the left side. This species can grow quite large, up to one meter long.
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Comprehensive Description
Biology
Adults live on sandy, rocky or mixed bottoms; rather common in brackish waters. Feed mainly on other bottom-living fishes (sand-eels, gobies, etc.), and also, to a lesser extent, on larger crustaceans and bivalves. Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Spawning season is between April and August; pelagic eggs. May reach 25 kg (Ref. 9988). Highly esteemed food fish. Utilized fresh or frozen; eaten steamed, pan-fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
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Bauchot, M.-L. 1987 Poissons osseux. p. 891-1421. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identification pour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3397)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=3397&speccode=2504
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Description
A large, rounded flatfish with a broad body only one and a half times as long as wide. Usually 50-80 cm in length but can occasionally reach up to 1 m in length. The turbot lays on its right side with left side uppermost. The eyes are on the upper left side. The mouth is large, curved and to the left of the eyes. The dorsal fin starts at the snout in front of the left eye. Neither the dorsal or anal fins continues under the tail. The skin bears no scales but scattered strong bony tubercles on the upper body surface instead. The lateral line is strongly arched over the pectoral fin. Colouration is variable and the fish can change colour to match its background. It is usually a dull sandy-brown to grey, with minute brown, blackish or greenish specks scattered over the body and extending onto the fins. The tail is strongly speckled to its tip. The underside is white occasionally with darker blotches.The turbot may be confused with the brill Scophthalmus rhombus which lacks bony tubercles and has a frilly front edge to its dorsal fin. Turbot is a valuable commercial food fish.
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Distribution
Baltic Sea, North Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Baltic Sea, Eastern North Atlantic: Norway to Morocco.
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Northeast Atlantic: throughout the Mediterranean and along the European coasts to Arctic Circle; also found in most of the Baltic Sea. Subspecies Psetta maxima maeotica in the Black Sea.
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Nielsen, J.G. 1986 Scophthalmidae. p. 1287-1293. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4703)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4703&speccode=1348
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Baltic sea, Belgian Exclusive Economic Zone, Dutch Exclusive Economic Zone, European waters (ERMS scope), Grevelingen, Oostende, Oosterschelde, Voordelta, Wenduine, Westerschelde, Wimereux, Zeeschelde
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Leewis, R. (2002). Flora en fauna van de zee [Marine flora and fauna]. Veldgids, 16. KNNV Uitgeverij: Utrecht, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-5011-153-X. 320 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1116
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Müller, Y. (2004). Faune et flore du littoral du Nord, du Pas-de-Calais et de la Belgique: inventaire. [Coastal fauna and flora of the Nord, Pas-de-Calais and Belgium: inventory]. Commission Régionale de Biologie Région Nord Pas-de-Calais: France. 307 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=9269
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Poll, M. (1945). Contribution à la connaissance de la faune ichtyologique du Bas-Escaut. Bull. Mus. royal d'Hist. Nat. Belg./Med. Kon. Natuurhist. Mus. Belg. 21(11): 1-32
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1641
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Hostens, K.; Hamerlynck, O. (1994). The mobile epifauna of the soft bottoms in the subtidal Oosterschelde estuary: structure, function and impact of the storm-surge barrier. Hydrobiologia 282-283: 479-496
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1142
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Leloup, E. (1951). Contributions à l'étude de la faune belge: 18. Observations sur des poissons marins en 1949. Med. K. Belg. Inst. Nat. Wet. 27(4): 1-12
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1661
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Hamerlynck, O.; Hostens, K. (1994). Changes in the fish fauna of the Oosterschelde estuary: a ten-year time series of fyke catches. Hydrobiologia 282-283: 497-507
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1143
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Van Damme, P.A.; Hostens, K.; Ollevier, F.P. (1994). Fish species of the lower Zeeschelde (Belgium): a comparison with historical checklists. Belg. J. Zool. 124(2): 93-103
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=132986
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Cattrijsse, A.; Vincx, M. (2001). Biodiversity of the benthos and the avifauna of the Belgian coastal waters: summary of data collected between 1970 and 1998. Sustainable Management of the North Sea. Federal Office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural Affairs: Brussel, Belgium. 48 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/mollusca/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=61
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Beyst, B. (2001). Epi- en hyperbenthische gemeenschappen van Belgische zandstranden [Epi- and hyperbenthic communities of Belgian sandy beaches]. PhD Thesis. Universiteit Gent. Instituut voor Dierkunde. Vakgroep morfologie, systematiek en ecologie: Gent, Belgium. 351 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=811
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Hamerlynck, O.; Hostens, K.; Arellano, R.V.; Mees, J.; Vandamme, P.A. (1993). The mobile epibenthic fauna of soft bottoms in the Dutch Delta (south-west Netherlands): spatial structure. Pp 343-358 in Meire, P.; Vincx, M. (Ed.): Marine and estuarine gradients: ECSA 21: Proceedings of the 21th Symposium of the Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association held in Gent, 9-14 september 1991. Neth. J. Aquat. Ecol., 27(2-4). Netherlands Society of Aquatic Ecology: Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1140
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van der Land, J.; Costello, M.J.; Zavodnik, D.; Santos, R.S.; Porteiro, F.M.; Bailly, N.; Eschmeyer, W.N.; Froese, R. (2001). Pisces, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 357-374
http://www.marbef.org/data/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1411
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Van den Heuvel, H. (1991). Observations on the turbot Scophthalmus maximus (Linnaeus, 1758) [Waarnemingen aangaande de tarbot Scophthalmus maximus (Linnaeus, 1758)]. De Strandvlo 11(1): 4-7
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=138602
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Physical Description
Size
Max. size
100.0 cm SL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 4703)); max. published weight: 25.0 kg (Ref. 9988); max. reported age: 25 years (Ref. 32766)
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Frimodt, C. 1995 Multilingual illustrated guide to the world's commercial coldwater fish. Fishing News Books, Osney Mead, Oxford, England. 215 p. (Ref. 9988)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9988&speccode=2065
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Deniel, C. 1990 Comparative study of growth of flatfishes on the west coast of Brittany. J. Fish Biol. 37(1):149-166. (Ref. 32766)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=32766&speccode=41
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Nielsen, J.G. 1986 Scophthalmidae. p. 1287-1293. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4703)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4703&speccode=1348
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Diagnostic Description
Body almost circular. Eye side without scales but with large bony tubercles (Ref. 35388).
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Muus, B.J. and J.G. Nielsen 1999 Sea fish. Scandinavian Fishing Year Book, Hedehusene, Denmark. 340 p. (Ref. 35388)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=35388&speccode=37
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Ecology
Habitat
Depth: 20 - 70m.
From 20 to 70 meters.
Habitat: demersal.
From 20 to 70 meters.
Habitat: demersal.
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Environment
demersal; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); brackish; marine; depth range 20 - 70 m (Ref. 6302)
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Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=51243&speccode=4683
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Muus, B.J. and P. Dahlstrøm 1989 Havfisk og Fiskeri i Nordvesteuropa. GEC Gads Forlag, København, 244 p. (in Danish). (Ref. 6302)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=6302&speccode=34
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Depth range based on 13636 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 6090 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): -9 - 470
Temperature range (°C): 2.641 - 12.274
Nitrate (umol/L): 1.139 - 12.183
Salinity (PPS): 6.094 - 35.546
Oxygen (ml/l): 0.982 - 8.544
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.223 - 2.380
Silicate (umol/l): 0.987 - 51.283
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): -9 - 470
Temperature range (°C): 2.641 - 12.274
Nitrate (umol/L): 1.139 - 12.183
Salinity (PPS): 6.094 - 35.546
Oxygen (ml/l): 0.982 - 8.544
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.223 - 2.380
Silicate (umol/l): 0.987 - 51.283
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 6090 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): -9 - 470
Temperature range (°C): 2.641 - 12.274
Nitrate (umol/L): 1.139 - 12.183
Salinity (PPS): 6.094 - 35.546
Oxygen (ml/l): 0.982 - 8.544
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.223 - 2.380
Silicate (umol/l): 0.987 - 51.283
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): -9 - 470
Temperature range (°C): 2.641 - 12.274
Nitrate (umol/L): 1.139 - 12.183
Salinity (PPS): 6.094 - 35.546
Oxygen (ml/l): 0.982 - 8.544
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.223 - 2.380
Silicate (umol/l): 0.987 - 51.283
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
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Found on sandy bottoms, gravel or shell gravel from about 20 m to a depth of 80 m but occasionally on muddy bottoms or areas of mixed sand and rock. Young fish may be found inshore in the breaker zone or in shore pools. May also occur in brackish waters.
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Migration
Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
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Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=51243&speccode=4683
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Diseases and Parasites
Enteric Redmouth Disease. Bacterial diseases
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Horne, M.T. and A.C. Barnes 1999 Enteric redmouth disease (Yersinia ruckeri). p.455-477. In P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno (eds.) Fish Diseases and Disorders, Vol. 3: Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections. CAB Int'l. (Ref. 48849)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=48849&speccode=35
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Life History and Behavior
Life Cycle
Spawning usually happens between the months of February and April in the Mediterranean and from May to July in the Atlantic. Sequenced spawning every 2-4 days. Eggs have a single fat drop. Larvae are initially symmetric but, at the end of the metamorphosis (day 40-50, 25 mm), the right eye moves to the left side, losing its initial bilateral symmetry. Egg size 0.9 - 1.2 mm, larval length at hatching 2.7-3.1 mm.
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McEvoy, L.A. and J. McEvoy 1992 Multiple spawning in several commercial fish species and its consequences for fisheries management, cultivation and experimentation. J. Fish Biol. 41(Suppl. B):125-136. (Ref. 40290)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=40290&speccode=1348
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Psetta maxima
The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.
There are 3 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
Download FASTA File
There are 3 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
CTTTATCTTATCTCGGGGGCCTGGGCCGGAATAGTAGGTACAGCCCTC---AGCTTACTAATTCGTGCTGAACTCAGCCAGCCAGGAGCCCTCCTAGGTGAT---GATCAGATTTACAATGTTATCGTCACGGCCCATGCTTTCGTAATGATTTTCTTCATGGTAATACCTATTATGATCGGAGGTTTTGGTAACTGACTTATTCCTCTTATG---CTGGGCGCCCCTGATATAGCATTCCCTCGAATAAACAACATGAGCTTTTGACTTCTGCCCCCTTCATTTCTCCTCCTTTTGGCCTCCTCAGGCGTAGAAGCCGGAGCAGGAACTGGGTGAACTGTATATCCCCCCTTATCTGGAAACCTAGCGCATGCAGGAGCATCCGTAGACCTG---ACCATCTTTTCTTTACATCTGGCAGGAATTTCCTCTATTTTAGGTGCTATTAATTTTATTACCACTATTATTAACATGAAACCTACAACTGTTTCCATGTACCAAATTCCCCTGTTCGTATGAGCCGTCCTAATTACAGCCGTTCTCCTTCTGCTATCTCTCCCAGTTTTAGCTGCT---GGCATTACAATGCTACTTACAGATCGTAACCTCAACACCGCTTTCTTTGACCCCGCGGGGGGAGGAGACCCGATTTTATACCACCATCTG------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TTC
-- end --
-- end --
Download FASTA File
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Psetta maxima
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 3
Specimens with Barcodes: 8
Species With Barcodes: 1
Public Records: 3
Specimens with Barcodes: 8
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Barcode data: Scophthalmus maximus
The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.
No available public DNA sequences.
Download FASTA File
No available public DNA sequences.
Download FASTA File
© Barcode of Life Data Systems
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Scophthalmus maximus
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 3
Specimens with Barcodes: 22
Species With Barcodes: 1
Public Records: 3
Specimens with Barcodes: 22
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Conservation
Threats
Not Evaluated
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IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006.
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=57073
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Benefits
Importance
fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: public aquariums
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Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott 1991 World fishes important to North Americans. Exclusive of species from the continental waters of the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (21):243 p. (Ref. 4537)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4537&speccode=1255
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Garibaldi, L. 1996 List of animal species used in aquaculture. FAO Fish. Circ. 914. 38 p. (Ref. 12108)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=12108&speccode=4683
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 1992 FAO yearbook 1990. Fishery statistics. Catches and landings. FAO Fish. Ser. (38). FAO Stat. Ser. 70:(105):647 p. (Ref. 4931)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4931&speccode=228
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Anonymous 1997 Species kept in the Kiel Aquarium in August 1997. Unpublished. 4 p. (Ref. 13389)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=13389&speccode=1361
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Wikipedia
Turbot
For other uses, see Turbot (disambiguation).
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2009) |
The turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) is a species of flatfish in the family Scophthalmidae. It is a demersal fish native to marine or brackish waters of the North Atlantic, Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.
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Etymology
The word comes from the Old French tourbout, which in turn is thought to be a derivative of the Latin turbo ("spinning top") a possible reference to its shape.[1] Early reference to the Turbot can be found in a satirical poem (The Emperor's Fish) by Juvenal, a Roman poet of the late 1st and early 2nd centuries A.D., suggesting this fish was a delicacy in the Roman empire.
In the UK, Turbot is pronounced /ˈtɜrbət/ TUR-bət. In the US it is pronounced /ˈtɜrboʊ/ TUR-boh (the French pronunciation of "turbot" is [tyʁbo]).
In Turkey, where the fish is popular and expensive, it is called "Kalkan" - "shield" - due to the fish's resemblance to the item. Instead of a smooth skin, Kalkan (Scophthalmus maeoticus), which is from the Black Sea, has small spikes on both sides; it is considered a subspecies of the Mediterranean Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus).
Description
The turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) is a large left-eyed flatfish found primarily close to shore in sandy shallow waters throughout the Mediterranean, the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea and the North Atlantic. The European turbot has an asymmetrical disk-shaped body, and has been known to grow up to 100 cm (39 in) long and 25 kg (55 lb) in weight.[2]
Fisheries
Turbot is highly prized as a food fish for its delicate flavour, and is also known as breet, britt or butt. It is a valuable commercial species, acquired through aquaculture and trawling. Turbot are farmed in France, Spain, Romania, Turkey, Chile, Norway, and China.[3] Turbot has a bright white flesh that retains this appearance when cooked. Like all flatfish, turbot yields four fillets with meatier topside portions that may be baked, poached or pan-fried.
See also
References
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, Turbot
- ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2009). "Psetta maxima" in FishBase. November 2009 version.
- ^ Psetta Maxima Seafood Portal
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