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Tenualosa toli — Details

Toli Shad learn more about names for this taxon

Overview

Comprehensive Description

Biology

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Inhabits fast-flowing, turbid estuaries and adjacent coastal waters (Ref. 26929). Schooling in coastal waters, euryhaline and perhaps anadromous, ascending rivers to breed (but in some areas fishery workers claim that it does not). A protandrous hermaphrodite (Ref. 55367). Presumably its biology is similar to that of T. ilisha, but the fewer gill rakers suggest that it takes larger food organisms. Reported to feed on zooplankton (Ref. 58784). More data needed especially since it is not always distinguished from T. ilisha, especially at juvenile stages. Marketed fresh or dried-salted.

Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeioidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=188&speccode=24

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Distribution

Distribution

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Mauritius

Anon. (2000). FishBase 2000 [CD-ROM]. ICLARM: Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. 4 cd-roms pp. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=6542

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Indo-West Pacific: India to the Java Sea and the South China Sea. Newly recorded from Mauritius (Ref. 33390). May be found in Cambodian Mekong near the Viet Nam border (Ref. 12693).

Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeioidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=188&speccode=24

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Physical Description

Morphology

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Dorsal spines (total): 0; Analspines: 0

Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeioidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=188&speccode=24

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Size

Max. size

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60.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 12693)); max. reported age: 2 years (Ref. 26929)

Rainboth, W.J. 1996 Fishes of the Cambodian Mekong. FAO Species Identification Field Guide for Fishery Purposes. FAO, Rome, 265 p. (Ref. 12693) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=12693&speccode=26747
Blaber, S.J.M., D.A. Milton, J. Pang, P. Wong, O. Boon-Teck, L. Nyigo and D. Lubim 1996 The life history of the tropical shad Tenualosa toli from Sarawak: first evidence of protandry in the Clupeiformes?. Environ. Biol. Fish. 46(3):225-242. (Ref. 26929) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=26929&speccode=1600

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Diagnostic Description

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Belly with 28 to 30 scutes. A distinct median notch in upper jaw, which distinguishes it from other similar clupeids, except Hilsa kelee. Gill rakers fine but not numerous, 60 to 100 on lower part of arch. Caudal fin short. At most, a dark diffuse mark behind gill opening, but no other spots on flank.

Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985 FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeioidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=188&speccode=24

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Ecology

Habitat

Environment

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pelagic-neritic; anadromous (Ref. 51243); freshwater; brackish; marine; depth range 10 - ? m (Ref. 26929)

Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=51243&speccode=4683
Blaber, S.J.M., D.A. Milton, J. Pang, P. Wong, O. Boon-Teck, L. Nyigo and D. Lubim 1996 The life history of the tropical shad Tenualosa toli from Sarawak: first evidence of protandry in the Clupeiformes?. Environ. Biol. Fish. 46(3):225-242. (Ref. 26929) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=26929&speccode=1600

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Migration

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Anadromous. Fish that ascend rivers to spawn, as salmon and hilsa do. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.

Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=51243&speccode=4683

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Life History and Behavior

Life Cycle

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A semelparous species, but although each individual spawns only once and then dies, the spawning season for the species as a whole lasts from May to November (Ref. 26929). A monandric species (Ref. 55367). Sex change occurs at a length of 11.0 cm TL and 1.24 years of age (Ref. 55367).

Blaber, S.J.M. 1997 Fish and fisheries of tropical estuaries. Fish and Fisheries Ser. 22, Chapman and Hall, London. 367 p. (Ref. 32693) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=32693&speccode=14822

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Life Expectancy

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Observations: Little is known about the longevity of these animals, but they have been known to live up to 2 years (http://www.fishbase.org/). Considering the longevity of similar species, however, maximum longevity could be significantly underestimated.

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Molecular Biology and Genetics

Molecular Biology

Barcode data: Tenualosa toli

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The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.

There are 4 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.

WLIND752-07|WL-M752|Tenualosa toli| ------------------------------------------CTCTACTTAGTATTTGGGGCCTGAGCAGGCATAGCAGGAACAGCCTTA---AGCCTATTAATTCGGGCAGAACTCAGCCAACCTGGAGCCCTCCTTGGTGAT---GACCAAATTTATAATGTAATTGTTACCGCACACGCCTTTGTAATAATTTTCTTTATAGTAATGCCTATGCTGATCGGGGGCTTTGGAAACTGACTAGTGCCTCTCATA---CTCGGCGCACCAGATATGGCATTCCCCCGAATAAATAATATAAGCTTCTGACTTCTTCCCCCCTCATTTCTTCTACTACTAGCCTCCTCTGGGGTTGAAGCTGGGGTAGGAACGGGATGGACAGTTTACCCCCCCTTAGCAGGAAATCTCGCCCATGCAGGAGCATCTGTAGACCTA---GCTATTTTTTCACTTCACCTAGCAGGTATCTCATCAATCCTTGGAGCTATTAATTTTATTACCACAATTATCAACATGAAGCCCCCTGCAATTTCACAATATCAAACACCACTATTCGTTTGAGCTGTGTTAATTACAGCAGTACTTCTACTCCTATCCCTCCCAGTATTAGCTGCT---GGTATCACGATACTTCTCACAGATCGAAACCTAAACACTACATTCTTTGACCCTGCAGGAGGTGGGGACCCAATCTTATATCAACATCTA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- end --

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Tenualosa toli

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Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 4
Species: 4
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Conservation

Threats

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Not Evaluated

IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=57073

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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems

Benefits

Importance

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fisheries: highly commercial

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 1992 FAO yearbook 1990. Fishery statistics. Catches and landings. FAO Fish. Ser. (38). FAO Stat. Ser. 70:(105):647 p. (Ref. 4931) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4931&speccode=228

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Wikipedia

Toli shad

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Tenualosa toli or Chinese Herring or Toli Shad is a shad of the Clupeidae family, available in western Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal to the Java Sea and the South China Sea. It may be found in Mauritius^[1] and the Cambodian Mekong near the Viet Nam border.^[2] It inhabits fast-flowing, turbid estuaries and adjacent coastal waters.^[3]

Known as terubok in Malaysia, T. toli is highly prized among Malaysians for its meat and eggs. Overfishing has depleted the population alarmingly in South East Asia, with only Sarawak left as its habitat there.^[4] In Bangladesh, where it is known as Ilisha Chandana, it is commercially less important than T. ilisha.^[5] It is known as Daungdana in Myanmar, Trey Palung in Cambodia, Bhing in Maharashtra, Palwa in Gujrat, and Seriya in Sri Lanka.^[6]

Ascending rivers to breed. T. Toli is distinguished from similar clupeids, except Hilsa kelee (Kelee Shad or Five Spot Herring), by a distinct median notch in upper jaw. Biology of this protandrous hermaphrodite^[7] is presumed to be similar to that of T. ilisha, but the fewer gill rakers suggest an intake of larger species of zooplankton as food.^[8]

References

^ Fricke, R., Fishes of the Mascarene Islands (Réunion, Mauritius, Rodriguez): an annotated checklist (Vol. 31), 1999, p. 759, Reference 33390, FishBase; Retrieved: 2008-01-13
^ Rainboth, W.J., Fishes of the Cambodian Mekong, FAO Species Identification Field Guide for Fishery Purposes, 1996, p. 265, Reference 12693, FishBase; Retrieved: 2008-01-13
^ Blaber, S.J.M., J. Pang, P. Wong, O. Boon-Teck, L. Nyigo and D. Lubim, The life history of the tropical shad Tenualosa toli from Sarawak, 1996, p. 225-242, Reference 26929, FishBase; Retrieved: 2008-01-13
^ S.L. Wong, Bringing Back the Terubok, UNDP, Retrieved: 2010-11-11
^ Akhtarunnessa Chowdhury, "Chandana", Banglapedia, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Retrieved: 2010-11-11
^ Tenualosa toli, Biodiversity occurrence data provided by: Field Museum of Natural History, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of Washington Burke Museum, and University of Turku (Accessed through GBIF Data Portal, data.gbif.org), Retrieved: 2010-02-22
^ Allsop, D.J. and S.A. West, Constant relative age and size at sex change for sequentially hermaphroditic fish, 2003, p. 921-929, Reference 55367, FishBase; Retrieved: 2008-01-13
^ Vidthayanon, C., Thailand red data: fishes, 2005, p. 108, Reference 58784, FishBase; Retrieved: 2008-01-13

Source

Species summary, FishBase

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