Table of Contents
Overview
Comprehensive Description
Biology
Inhabit shallow reef flats (Ref. 205). Benthopelagic (Ref. 58302). Form schools at midwater to feed on plankton and benthic invertebrates. Also on shallow seamounts. Oviparous. Form pairs during breeding (Ref. 205).
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Jordan, D.S. and B.W. Evermann 1973 The shore fishes of Hawaii. Charles E. Tuttle Company, Rutland, Vermont. 392 p. (Ref. 2826)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=2826&speccode=5136
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Distribution
Eastern Central Pacific: Johnston Island (Ref. 11013) and Hawaii.
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Jordan, D.S. and B.W. Evermann 1973 The shore fishes of Hawaii. Charles E. Tuttle Company, Rutland, Vermont. 392 p. (Ref. 2826)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=2826&speccode=5136
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Range Description
This species is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Atoll (Burgess 1978, Randall 2005, G.R. Allen pers. comm. 2006). It is known to occur to at least 250 m depth.
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Mozambique
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MacNae, W. & M. Kalk (eds) (1958). A natural history of Inhaca Island, Mozambique. Witwatersrand Univ. Press, Johannesburg. I-iv, 163 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=6266
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Anon. (2000). FishBase 2000 [CD-ROM]. ICLARM: Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. 4 cd-roms pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=6542
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Central Pacific: Johnston Atoll and Hawaiian Islands.
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Physical Description
Morphology
Dorsal spines (total): 13 - 14; Dorsal soft rays (total): 20 - 23; Anal spines: 2 - 3; Analsoft rays: 17 - 20
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Burgess, W.E. 1978 Butterflyfishes of the world. A monograph of the Family Chaetodontidae. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. (Ref. 4855)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4855&speccode=7834
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Size
Max. size
13.0 cm SL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 4858))
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Allen, G.R. 1985 Butterfly and angelfishes of the world. Vol. 2. 3rd edit. in English. Mergus Publishers, Melle, Germany. (Ref. 4858)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4858&speccode=10352
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Diagnostic Description
Body is generally yellow or white with vertical rows of spots on the sides. A broad black bar runs vertically through eye from edge of sub opercle, and a black spot is on the caudal peduncle.
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Burgess, W.E. 1978 Butterflyfishes of the world. A monograph of the Family Chaetodontidae. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. (Ref. 4855)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4855&speccode=7834
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Type Information
Type for Chaetodon mantelliger
Catalog Number: USNM 49699
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Fishes
Preparation: Illustration
Collector(s): O. Jenkins
Locality: Hawaiian Islands, Hawaii, United States, Pacific
Catalog Number: USNM 49699
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Fishes
Preparation: Illustration
Collector(s): O. Jenkins
Locality: Hawaiian Islands, Hawaii, United States, Pacific
- Type:
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Ecology
Habitat
Environment
reef-associated; marine; depth range 0 - 250 m (Ref. 58302)
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Mundy, B.C. 2005 Checklist of the fishes of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Museum Bulletins in Zoology. Bishop Mus. Bull. Zool. (6):1-704. (Ref. 58302)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=58302&speccode=46
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Habitat and Ecology
Habitat and Ecology
Systems
Habitat for this species includes coastal fringing reefs, lagoons, and outer reefs to at least 250 m depth. Juveniles are found on shallow inner reefs from April to June. The species feeds in mid-water on zooplankton, supplementing the diet with benthic invertebrates (especially polychaete worms) and fish eggs (particularly those of damselfishes) (G.R. Allen pers. comm. 2006).
The species may form large groups and spawns in groups from January through May (Ralston 1981). Ralston (1976a) reported that the onset of reproductive maturity in Chaetodon miliaris begins at 90 mm standard length, which is equivalent to one year of age (Ralston 1976b).
The mean size of C. miliaris in Hawaii reported by Ralston (1981) was ~105 mm corresponding to approximately two years of age.
The species may form large groups and spawns in groups from January through May (Ralston 1981). Ralston (1976a) reported that the onset of reproductive maturity in Chaetodon miliaris begins at 90 mm standard length, which is equivalent to one year of age (Ralston 1976b).
The mean size of C. miliaris in Hawaii reported by Ralston (1981) was ~105 mm corresponding to approximately two years of age.
Systems
- Marine
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Known from seamounts and knolls
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Stocks, K. 2009. Seamounts Online: an online information system for seamount biology. Version 2009-1. World Wide Web electronic publication.
http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=sourcedetails&id=145453
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Depth range based on 19 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 11 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): 4.575 - 50000
Temperature range (°C): 18.151 - 25.104
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.006 - 1.609
Salinity (PPS): 34.865 - 35.294
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.799 - 5.165
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.092 - 0.291
Silicate (umol/l): 1.266 - 5.128
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): 4.575 - 50000
Temperature range (°C): 18.151 - 25.104
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.006 - 1.609
Salinity (PPS): 34.865 - 35.294
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.799 - 5.165
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.092 - 0.291
Silicate (umol/l): 1.266 - 5.128
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 11 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): 4.575 - 50000
Temperature range (°C): 18.151 - 25.104
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.006 - 1.609
Salinity (PPS): 34.865 - 35.294
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.799 - 5.165
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.092 - 0.291
Silicate (umol/l): 1.266 - 5.128
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): 4.575 - 50000
Temperature range (°C): 18.151 - 25.104
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.006 - 1.609
Salinity (PPS): 34.865 - 35.294
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.799 - 5.165
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.092 - 0.291
Silicate (umol/l): 1.266 - 5.128
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
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Depth: 0 - 250m.
Recorded at 250 meters.
Habitat: reef-associated. Inhabits shallow reef flats. Forms schools at midwater to feed on plankton and benthic invertebrates.
Recorded at 250 meters.
Habitat: reef-associated. Inhabits shallow reef flats. Forms schools at midwater to feed on plankton and benthic invertebrates.
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Trophic Strategy
Inhabit shallow reef flats. Form schools at midwater to feed on plankton and benthic invertebrates. Also on shallow seamounts. Forage high in the water column (Ref. 4864).
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Randall, J.E. 1985 Guide to Hawaiian reef fishes. Harrowood Books, Newtown Square, PA 19073, USA. 74 p. (Ref. 3921)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=3921&speccode=6021
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Diseases and Parasites
Hurleytrematoides Infestation 7. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
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Nahhas, F.M. and A. Grewal 1999 Digenetic trematodes from marine fishes of Fiji: Subfamily Hurleytrematinae (family Monorchiidae): A review and description of four new species of Hurleytrematoides. p.617-631. In Séret B. and J.-Y. Sire (eds.) Proc. 5th Indo-Pac. Fish Conf., Nouméa, 1997. Paris: Soc. Fr. Ichtyol. (Ref. 48836)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=48836&speccode=380
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Life History and Behavior
Life Cycle
Distinct pairing (Ref. 205).
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Thresher, R.E. 1984 Reproduction in reef fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Inc. Ltd., Neptune City, New Jersey. 399 p. (Ref. 240)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=240&speccode=1263
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Chaetodon miliaris
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 0
Specimens with Barcodes: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
Public Records: 0
Specimens with Barcodes: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Conservation
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
LC
Least Concern
Red List Criteria
Version
3.1
Year Assessed
2010
Assessor/s
Pyle, R. & Craig, M.T.
Reviewer/s
Elfes, C., Polidoro, B., Livingstone, S. & Carpenter, K.E.
Contributor/s
Justification
Chaetodon miliaris is an abundant species throughout its range. More than two thirds of its range is enclosed by the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument, a no-take marine protected area. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.
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Trends
Population
Population
Population Trend
It is very abundant in the Hawaiian Islands, but very rare at Johnston Atoll (Allen 1980, M. Craig pers. obs. 2005, G.R. Allen pers. comm. 2006, P. Lobel pers. comm. 2007). Populations are generally stable (G.R. Allen pers. comm. 2006).
Population Trend
Stable
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Threats
Least Concern (LC)
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IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006.
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=57073
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Major Threats
There appear to be no major threats to this species. Collection is limited and is not considered to be impacting the global population.
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Management
Conservation Actions
Conservation Actions
There are no species-specific conservation measures in place (Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources.). It is present within marine protected areas, for example, the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, a no-take marine reserve that encompasses 2/3 of the species range.
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Benefits
Importance
aquarium: commercial
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Miyasaka, A. 1993 A database on scientific and common names of fishes exported from Hawaii. The information was derived from the above mentioned database. A printout of the names is also available from the State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources, 1151 Punchbowl Street, Honolulu, Hawaii. (Ref. 5358)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=5358&speccode=4306
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Wikipedia
Millet butterflyfish
The Millet Butterflyfish, Chaetodon miliaris,[1] is a species of butterflyfish (family Chaetodontidae).
In its subgenus Exornator it probably belongs to a group that also includes the African Butterflyfish (C. dolosus), the Crochet Butterflyfish (C. guentheri) and the Reef Butterflyfish (C. sedentarius). The Crochet Butterflyfish might be the closest living relative of C. miliaris. If the genus Chaetodon is split up, Exornator might become a subgenus of Lepidochaetodon.[2]
This fish is endemic to the Hawaiian islands.
Footnotes
- ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Chaetodon miliaris" in FishBase. April 2006 version.
- ^ Fessler & Westneat 2007
References
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chaetodon miliaris |
- Fessler, Jennifer L.; Westneat, Mark W. (2007). "Molecular phylogenetics of the butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae): Taxonomy and biogeography of a global coral reef fish family.". [[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]] 45 (1): 50–68. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.05.018.
| This Chaetodontidae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
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