Generally found in hard bottoms (rocks and rubble), the older individuals in the deeper part of the range, the young in inshore areas. Feed mainly on bivalves and also on crustaceans and fish. Sexual maturity at 2 years old. Spawning migration occurs parallel to the coast with intermittent spawning between spring and autumn over soft bottoms in shallow waters (Ref. 3688).

European waters (ERMS scope), Greek Exclusive Economic Zone

Eastern Atlantic: Portugal and Strait of Gibraltar to Angola, including the Mediterranean.

Maximum size: 900 mm SL

90.0 cm SL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 4781)); max. published weight: 11.6 kg (Ref. 40637)

Depth range based on 80 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 41 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 14 - 100
  Temperature range (°C): 15.790 - 23.480
  Nitrate (umol/L): 0.729 - 4.956
  Salinity (PPS): 35.476 - 38.013
  Oxygen (ml/l): 4.013 - 5.496
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.112 - 0.406
  Silicate (umol/l): 2.454 - 4.129

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 14 - 100

Temperature range (°C): 15.790 - 23.480

Nitrate (umol/L): 0.729 - 4.956

Salinity (PPS): 35.476 - 38.013

Oxygen (ml/l): 4.013 - 5.496

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.112 - 0.406

Silicate (umol/l): 2.454 - 4.129
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.

Depth: 0 - 200m.
Recorded at 200 meters.

Habitat: benthopelagic.

benthopelagic; oceanodromous (Ref. 3688); brackish; marine; depth range ? - 200 m (Ref. 4781), usually 30 - 50 m (Ref. 2683)

Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.

Inhabit hard bottoms (rocks and rubble), the older individuals in the deeper part of the range, the young in inshore areas. Feed mainly on bivalves and also on crustaceans and fish.

Also Ref. 41163.

Not Evaluated

fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes