The following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners. There may be duplication.

References

• 1. IUCN Red List 2006 (January, 2007) http://www.iucnredlist.org
• 2. FishBase (January, 2007) http://fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=3283
• 3. CITES (January, 2007) http://www.cites.org
• 4. Animal Diversity Web (January, 2007) http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hippocampus_erectus.html
• 5. Lourie, S.A., Foster, S.J., Cooper, E.W.T. and Vincent, A.C.J. (2004) A Guide to the Identification of Seahorses - Project Seahorse and TRAFFIC North America. University of British Columbia and World Wildlife Fund, Washington D.C. Available at http://seahorse.fisheries.ubc.ca/IDguide.html
• 6. South Carolina: Department of Natural Resources – Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy (CWCS) (January, 2007) http://www.dnr.sc.gov/cwcs/species.html
• 7. Project Seahorse (January, 2007) http://seahorse.fisheries.ubc.ca/biology5.html
• Adams, C, Larkin, S & D Lee. 2001. Volume and value of marine ornamentals collected in Florida, 1990-1998. Aquar. Sci. Conserv. 3: 25-36.Azzarello, MY. 1991. Some questions concerning the Syngnathidae brood pouch. Bull. Mar. Sci. 49: 741-747.
• American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists0 Ontogeny and systematics of fishes. Based on an international symposium dedicated to the memory of Elbert Halvor Ahlstrom, 15-18 August 1983, La Jolla, California. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 1. 760 p.
• Aquatic Bookshop. http://www.seahorses.com/SEA_PIPE/seahorse/hippocam/kuda.htm
• Bailly, N. (2012). Hippocampus erectus. In: Nicolas Bailly (2012). FishBase. Accessed through: Nicolas Bailly (2012). FishBase at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=159445 on 2012-05-23
• Balon, E.K. 1990 Epigenesis of an epigeneticist: the development of some alternative concepts on the early ontogeny and evolution of fishes. Guelph Ichthyol. Rev. 1:1-48. (Ref. 7471)
• Baum, JK, Meeuwig, JJ & ACJ Vincent. 2003. Bycatch of lined seahorses (Hippocampus erectus) in a Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawl fishery. Fish. Bull. 101: 721-731.
• Bergert, BA & PC Wainwright. 1997. Morphology and kinematics of prey capture in the syngnathid fishes Hippocampus erectus and Syngnathus floridae. Mar. Biol. 127: 563-570.
• Bigelow, H.B. and Schroeder, W.C., 1953; Lieske, E. and R. Myers, 1994; Lourie, S.A., A.C.J. Vincent and H.J. Hall, 1999; Moe, A.M. Jr., 1992; Schumann, B., 1969; Smith, C.L., 1997; Wicklund, R.I., S.J. Wilk and L. Ogren, 1969.
• Blasiola, GCJ. 1979. Glugea heraldi n. sp. (Microsporida, Glugeidae) from the seahorse Hippocampus erectus Perry. J. Fish Diseases. 2: 493-500.
• Blazer, S & RE Wolke. 1979. An Exophiala-like fungus as the cause of a systemic mycosis of marine fish. J. Fish Diseases. 2: 145-152.
• Bohlke, J. E., and C. C. G. Chaplin. 1968. Fishes of the Bahamas and Adjacent Tropical Waters, Second Edition. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas.
• Borges, P.A.V., Costa, A., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Gonçalves, V., Martins, A.F., Melo, I., Parente, M., Raposeiro, P., Rodrigues, P., Santos, R.S., Silva, L., Vieira, P. & Vieira, V. (Eds.) (2010). A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Princípia, Oeiras, 432 pp.
• Branch, GM. 1966. Contributions to the functional morphology of fishes.The feeding mechanism of Syngnathus acus Linnaeus. Zoologica African. 2: 69-89.
• Breder, CM, Jr. 1948. Field book of marine fishes of the Atlantic coast from Labrador of Texas. Putman, NY. USA. 332 pp.
• CITES. 2004. Seahorses and other members of the family Syngnathidae (decision 12.54) Report of the Working Group. AC20 Doc. 17. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Twentieth meeting of the Animals Committee Johannesburg (South Africa). 29 March-2 April 2004.
• Cheung, PJ, Nigrelli, RF & GD Ruggieri. 1980. Studies of the morphology of Uronema marinum Dujardin (Ciliatea: Uronematidae) with a description of the histopathology of the infection in marine fishes. J. Fish Diseases. 3: 295-303.
• Claro, R. and L.R. Parenti0 The marine ichthyofauna of Cuba. p. 21-57. In Claro, R., K.C. Lindeman and L.R. Parenti (eds) Ecology of the marine fishes of Cuba. Smithsonian Institution Press, Wahsington and London. 253p.
• Claro, Rodolfo, and Lynne R. Parenti / Claro, Rodolfo, Kenyon C. Lindeman, and L. R. Parenti, eds. 2001. Chapter 2: The Marine Ichthyofauna of Cuba. Ecology of the Marine Fishes of Cuba. 21-57
• Colson, DJ, Patek, SN, Brainerd, EL & SM Lewis. 1998. Sound production during feeding in Hippocampus seahorses (Syngnathidae). Env. Biol. Fish. 51: 221-229.
• Coral Forest. http://www.blacktop.com/coralforest/SeaHorse.html
• Correa, M, Chung, KS & R Manrique. 1989. Cultivo experimental del caballito de mar, Hippocampus erectus. Bol. Inst. Ocean. Venezuela Univ. Oriente. 28: 191-196.
• Debelius, H.0 Fischführer Mittelmeer und Atlantik. Jahr Verlag GmbH & Co., Hamburg. 305 p.
• Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas.
• Fish, MP & WH Mowbray. 1970. Sounds of western North Atlantic fishes. Johns Hopkins Press. Baltimore, MD. USA. 207 pp.
• Fish, MP, Kelsey, AS, Jr. & WH Mowbray. 1952. Studies on the production of underwater sounds by North Atlantic coastal fishes. J. Mar. Res. 11: 180-193.
• Fish, MP. 1953. The production of underwater sound by the northern seahorse, Hippocampus hudsonius. Copeia. 1953: 98-99.
• Fish, MP. 1954. The character and significance of sound production among fishes of the western North Atlantic. Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll. 14: 1-109.
• Flower (1925) Contributions to our knowledge of the duration of life in vertebrate animals. I. Fishes. Proc Zool Soc Lond, 1:247-267.
• Foster, SJ & ACJ Vincent. 2004. Life history and ecology of seahorses: implications for conservation and management. J. Fish Biol. 65: 1-61.
• Foster, SJ, Marsden, AD & ACJ Vincent. 2003. Hippocampus erectus. IUCN 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.Gill, T. 1905. The life history of sea horses (hippocampids). Proc. US Nat. Mus. 28: 805-814.
• Grolier's Electronic Encyclopedia. 1996.
• Hardy, JD. 1978. Development of fishes of the Mid-Atlantic Bight: an atlas of egg, larval and juvenile stages - Volume II. Anguillidae through Syngnathidae. US Fish & Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Sciences. Washington, DC. USA.
• Herald, E. S. 1961. Living Fishes of the World. Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City NY.
• Herald, ES & M Rakowicz. 1951. Stable requirements for raising sea horses. Aquarium J. 22: 234-242.
• Herald, R. and M. Rakowicz 1951 Stable requirements for raising sea horses. Aquarium J. 22:234-242. (Ref. 1285)
• Hilton-Taylor, C.0 2000 IUCN red list of threatened species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. xviii + 61 p. (with 1 CD-ROM).
• IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources). 2002. 2002 IUCN red list of threatened species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK. (www.redlist.org).
• IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006.
• James, P & C Woods. 2001. Rearing seahorses: does temperature matter? Aquac. Update. 28: 9-10.
• James, PL & KL Heck, Jr. 1994. The effects of habitat complexity and light intensity on ambush predation within a simulated seagrass habitat. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 176: 187-200.
• Job, SD, Do, HH, Meeuwig, JJ & HJ Hall. 2002. Culturing the oceanic seahorse, Hippocampus kuda. Aquaculture. 214: 333-341.
• Johnson CL, Runge JA, Curtis KA, Durbin EG, Hare JA, Incze LS, Link J, Melvin GD, O'Brien TD, Van Guelpen, L (in revision) Biodiversity and ecosystem function in the Gulf of Maine: pattern and role of zooplankton and pelagic nekton. PLoS One. 
• Jones, SE. 2007. Variations in feeding kinematics of western Atlantic seahorses. Master's Thesis. Florida Institute of Technology. Melbourne, FL. USA. 140 pp.
• Klein-MacPhee, Grace / Collette, Bruce B., and Grace Klein-MacPhee, eds. 2002. Pipefishes and Seahorses: Family Syngnathidae. Bigelow and Schroeder's Fishes of the Gulf of Maine, Third Edition. 321-326
• Kvarnemo, C, Moore, GL, Jones, AG, Nelson, WS & JC Avise. 2000. Monogamous pair bonds and mate switching in the western Australian seahorse Hippocampus subelongatus. J. Evol. Biol. 13: 882-888.
• Larkin, SL & RL Degner. 2001. The US wholesale market for marine ornamentals. Aquar. Sci. Conserv. 3: 13-24.
• Lauder, GV. 1985. Aquatic feeding in lower vertebrates. 210-229. In: Hildebrand, M, Bramble, DM, Liem, KF & DB Wake, eds. Functional vertebrate morphology. Harvard University Press. Cambridge.
• Lin, Q, Gao, YL, Sheng, JQ, Chen, QX, Zhang, B & JY Lu. 2007. The effect of food and the sum of effective temperature on the embryonic development of the seahorse, Hippocampus kuda Bleeker. Aquaculture. 262: 481-492.
• Lin, Q, Lin, J & D Zhang. 2008. Breeding and juvenile culture of the lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810. Aquaculture. 277: 287-292.
• Lin, Q, Lu, JY & YL Gao. 2006. The effect of temperature on gonad, embryonic development and survival rate of juvenile seahorses, Hippocampus kuda Bleeker. Aquaculture. 254: 701-713.
• Linton, JR & BL Soloff. 1964. The physiology of the brood pouch of the male sea horse Hippocampus erectus. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Carib. 14: 45-61.
• Lockyear, J, Kaiser, H, & T Hecht. 1997. Studies on the captive breeding of the Knysna seahorse, Hippocampus capensis. Aquat. Sci. Conserv. 1: 129-136.
• Lourie, S.A., A.C.J. Vincent and H.J. Hall 1999 Seahorses: an identification guide to the world's species and their conservation. Project Seahorse, London. 214 p. (Ref. 30915)
• Lourie, SA, Foster, SJ, Cooper, EWT & ACJ Vincent. 2004. A guide to the identification of seahorses. Project Seahorse & TRAFFIC North America. University of British Columbia and World Wildlife Fund. Washington, DC. USA.
• Lourie, SA, Vincent, AC & HJ Hall. 1999. Seahorse: An identification guide to the world's species and their conservation. Project Seahorse. London, UK.
• Lu, JY, Wu, JY & DW Yang. 2001. Growth rate of Hippocampus kuda Bleeker under intensive culture. J. Fish. China. 26: 61-66.
• Marshall, N. B. 1966. The Life of Fishes. The World Publishing Company, Cleveland.
• Martinez, A, Gardner, T & D Littlehale. 2005. Lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus. In: Koldewey, H, ed. Syngnathid husbandry in public aquariums. Project Seahorse and Zoological Society of London. Vancouver, BC. Canada.
• Matlock, GC. 1992. Life history aspects of seahorses, Hippocampus, in Texas. Texas J. Sci. 44: 213-222.
• Monteiro-Neto, C, de Andrade Cunha, FE, Nottingham, MC, Araújo, ME, Rosa, IL & GML Barros. 2003. Analysis of the marine ornamental fish trade at Ceará State, northeast Brazil. Biodiv. Conserv. 12: 1287-1295.
• Moyle, P. B. and J. J. Cech, Jr. 1982. Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs New Jersey.
• Muller, M & JWM Osse. 1984. Hydrodynamics of suction feeding in fish. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 37: 51-135.
• Muller, M. 1987. Optimization principles applied to the mechanism of neurocranium elevation and mouth bottom depression in bony fishes (Halecostomi). J. Theor. Biol. 126: 343-368.
• Murdy, EO, Birdsong, RS & JA Musik. 1997. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, DC. USA. 324 pp.
• Murdy, Edward O., Ray S. Birdsong, and John A. Musick. 1997. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. xi + 324
• Nahím, H.R. and F. Cervigón0 Peces del archipiélago Los Roques. Agencia Española de Cooperacíon Internacional. 304 p.
• National University of Singapore. http://www.nus.sg/Courses/khoo/ab3214/new0001.htm
• Nelson, J.S., E.J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea and J.D. Williams0 Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland.
• Nelson, Joseph S., Edwin J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L. T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, et al., eds. 2004. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico, Sixth Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, no. 29. ix + 386
• Nion, H., C. Rios and P. Meneses0 Peces del Uruguay: Lista sistemática y nombres comunes. Montevideo, DINARA, Infopesca.
• North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
• Osse, JWM & M Muller. 1980. A model of suction feeding in teleostean fishes with some implications for ventilation. In: Ali, MA, ed. Environmental physiology of fishes. NATO-ASI Series A. Life Sciences. Plenum Publishing. New York, NY. USA. 335-352.
• Perante, NC, Pajaro, MG, Meeuwig, JJ & ACJ Vincent. 2002. Biology of Hippocampus comes in the central Philippines. J. Fish Biol. 60: 821-837.
• Powell, AB, Thayer, G, Lacroix, M & R Cheshire. 2007. Juvenile and small resident fishes of Florida Bay, a critical habitat in the Everglades National Park, Florida. NOAA Professional Paper NMFS 6: 105-108. National Marine Fisheries Service. Seattle, WA. USA.
• Reid, GK, Jr. 1954. An ecological study of the Gulf of Mexico fishes in the vicinity of Cedar Key, Florida. Bull. Mar. Sci. 4: 1-94.
• Robins, CR & GC Ray. 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Co. New York. USA. 354 pp.
• Robins, Richard C., Reeve M. Bailey, Carl E. Bond, James R. Brooker, Ernest A. Lachner, et al. 1980. A List of Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States and Canada, Fourth Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, no. 12. 174
• Scarratt, AM. 1995. Techniques for raising lined seahorses (Hippocampus erectus). Aquar. Front. 3: 24-29.
• Schultz, L. P. 1948. The Ways of Fishes. D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc. New York.
• Sheng, JQ, Lin, Q, Chen, QX, Gao, YL, Shen, L & JY Lu. 2006. Effects of food, temperature and light intensity on the feeding behavior of three-spot juveniles, Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach. Aquaculture. 256: 596-607.
• Shiino, Sueo M. 1976. List of Common Names of Fishes of the World, Those Prevailing among English-speaking Nations. Science Report of Shima Marineland, no. 4. 262
• Sogard, SM, Powell, GVN & JG Holmquist. 1987. Epibenthic fish communities of Florida Bay banks: relations with physical parameters and seagrass cover. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 40: 25-39.
• Strawn, K. 1958. Life history of the pigmy seahorse, Hippocampus zostrae Jordan and Gilbert, at Cedar Key, Florida. Copeia 1: 16-22.
• Teixeira, RL & JA Musik. 2000. Reproduction and food habits of the lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) of Chesapeake Bay, Virginia. Rev. Bras. Biol. 61: 79-90.
• Type:
• Urick, RJ. 1983. Principles of underwater sound, 3rd edition. McGraw Hill. New York, NY. USA. 423 pp.
• Vari, RP. 1982. Fishes of the western North Atlantic, subfamily Hippocampus campinae. The seahorses. 173-189. Sears Foundation for Marine Research Memoir 1. Yale Univ. New Haven, CT. USA.
• Vincent, A.C.J. 1996 The international trade in seahorses. TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, UK. 163 p. (Ref. 12238)
• Vincent, ACJ & LM Sadler. 1995. Faithful pair bonds in wild seahorses, Hippocampus whitei. Anim. Behav. 50: 1557-1569.
• Vincent, ACJ, Evans, KL & AD Marsden. 2003. Home range behavior of the monogamous Australian seahorse, Hippocampus whitei. Env. Biol. Fishes. 72: 1-12.
• Vincent, ACJ. 1990. Reproductive ecology of seahorses. PhD Dissertation. Cambridge University, UK.Vincent, ACJ. 1995. A role for daily greetings in maintaining seahorse pair bonds. Anim. Behav. 49: 258-260.
• Vincent, ACJ. 1996. The international trade in seahorses. TRAFFIC International. Cambridge, UK. 164 pp.Vincent, ACJ & RS Clifton-Hadley. 1989. Parasitic infection of the seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) - A case report. J. Wildlife. Diseases. 25: 404-406.
• Wong, JM & JAH Benzie. 2003. The effects of temperature, Artemia enrichment, stocking density and light on the growth of juvenile seahorses, Hippocampus whitei (Bleeker, 1855), from Australia. Aquaculture. 228: 107-121.
• Woods, CMC. 2003a. Growth and survival of juvenile seahorse Hippocampus abdominalis reared on live, frozen and artificial foods. Aquaculture. 220: 287-298.
• Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao and C.F. Lai (eds.)0 Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan.