Diplectrum macropoma — Details

Mexican Sand Perch learn more about names for this taxon

Overview

Comprehensive Description

Description

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Common names: sand-perch (English), serrano (Espanol), menta (Espanol), camotillo (Espanol)
 
Diplectrum macropoma (Günther, 1864)


Mexican sand-perch,   Pygmy sand-perch,   Big-scale sand-perch,   Barred sand-perch



Elongate, slender; head small, pointed;  angle of preoperculum a wide, angular bony spur with 8-13 long spines, width of spur > height of rest of rear border of preopercle; gill rakers 17-24 (usually 18-22); dorsal rays X, 11-13; anal rays III, 7; pectoral rays 16-18 (usually 17); snout and between eyes scaleless; scales moderately small, rough; pored lateral-line scales 44-51; 7-10 vertical rows of scales on cheek; midlateral scale rows 48-63; predorsal scales 10-18.


Pale copper to light brown on upper half, white below; body with two rows of thin dark bars on side; a yellow bar under eye; inside operculum black and yellow; a row of orange-brown spots along middle of soft dorsal fin; an oval blackish blotch at base of caudal fin;  pectoral and pelvic fins pale orange to reddish orange; upper lobe of tail fin bright reddish orange.


Maximum size, 24 cm.

Inhabits open mud or sand bottoms.

Depth: 10-134 m.

Lower Baja California and the Gulf to Peru, including the Galapagos.

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Biology

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Inhabits sand and mud bottoms. Lives to about 4 years ( reaches 12 cm SL). Feeds on crustaceans. A synchronous hermaphrodite.
  • Heemstra, P.C. 1995 Serranidae. Meros, serranos, guasetas, enjambres, baquetas, indios, loros, gallinas, cabrillas, garropas. p. 1565-1613. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9342)   http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9342&speccode=8727 External link.
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Distribution

Range Description

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This species is endemic to the Eastern Pacific and is found from lower Baja California and the Gulf of California to northern Peru, including the Galapagos Islands.
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Depth

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Depth Range (m): 10 (S) - 134 (S)
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Zoogeography

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See Map (including site records) of Distribution in the Tropical Eastern Pacific


 
Global Endemism: All species, East Pacific endemic, Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) endemic

Regional Endemism: All species, TEP endemic, Continent + Island (s), Continent, Island (s)

Residency: Resident

Climate Zone: North Temperate (Californian Province &/or Northern Gulf of California), Northern Subtropical (Cortez Province + Sinaloan Gap), Northern Tropical (Mexican Province to Nicaragua + Revillagigedos), Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo), South Temperate (Peruvian Province )

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Eastern Pacific: Gulf of California and southern Baja California in Mexico to Peru, including the Galapagos Islands.
  • Heemstra, P.C. 1995 Serranidae. Meros, serranos, guasetas, enjambres, baquetas, indios, loros, gallinas, cabrillas, garropas. p. 1565-1613. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9342)   http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9342&speccode=8727 External link.
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Physical Description

Morphology

Size

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Length max (cm): 24.0 (S)
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Size

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Maximum size: 180 mm TL
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Max. size

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18.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 9342))
  • Heemstra, P.C. 1995 Serranidae. Meros, serranos, guasetas, enjambres, baquetas, indios, loros, gallinas, cabrillas, garropas. p. 1565-1613. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9342)   http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9342&speccode=8727 External link.
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Type Information

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Type for Diplectrum mexicanum
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Fishes
Preparation: Illustration
Year Collected: 1889
Locality: Gulf of California, Mexico, Pacific
Depth (m): 66 to 66
Vessel: Albatross
  • Type:
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Ecology

Habitat

Habitat and Ecology

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Habitat and Ecology
This demersal species inhabits open mud or sand substrata to depths of 134 m. It feeds on mobile benthic crustaceans and bony fishes. It is a synchronous hermaphrodite (Franke and Acero 1995).

Systems
  • Marine
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Depth range based on 53 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 3 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 1 - 220
  Temperature range (°C): 16.549 - 16.797
  Nitrate (umol/L): 18.515 - 30.223
  Salinity (PPS): 34.816 - 35.086
  Oxygen (ml/l): 0.767 - 2.747
  Phosphate (umol/l): 1.498 - 2.144
  Silicate (umol/l): 12.075 - 34.269

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 1 - 220

Temperature range (°C): 16.549 - 16.797

Nitrate (umol/L): 18.515 - 30.223

Salinity (PPS): 34.816 - 35.086

Oxygen (ml/l): 0.767 - 2.747

Phosphate (umol/l): 1.498 - 2.144

Silicate (umol/l): 12.075 - 34.269
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
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Depth: 9 - 80m.
From 9 to 80 meters.

Habitat: demersal.
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Habitat

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Salinity: Marine, Marine Only

Inshore/Offshore: Inshore, Inshore Only

Water Column Position: Bottom, Bottom only

Habitat: Soft bottom (mud, sand,gravel, beach, estuary & mangrove), Soft bottom only, Mud, Sand & gravel

FishBase Habitat: Demersal
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Environment

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demersal; marine; depth range 9 - 80 m (Ref. 9342), usually 20 - 40 m (Ref. 9342)
  • Heemstra, P.C. 1995 Serranidae. Meros, serranos, guasetas, enjambres, baquetas, indios, loros, gallinas, cabrillas, garropas. p. 1565-1613. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9342)   http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9342&speccode=8727 External link.
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Trophic Strategy

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Inhabits sand and mud bottoms. Feeds on crustaceans.
  • Heemstra, P.C. 1995 Serranidae. Meros, serranos, guasetas, enjambres, baquetas, indios, loros, gallinas, cabrillas, garropas. p. 1565-1613. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9342)   http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9342&speccode=8727 External link.
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Feeding

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Feeding Group: Carnivore

Diet: mobile benthic crustacea (shrimps/crabs), bony fishes
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Life History and Behavior

Reproduction

Reproduction

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Egg Type: Pelagic, Pelagic larva
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Conservation

Conservation Status

IUCN Red List Assessment

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Red List Category
LC
Least Concern

Red List Criteria

Version
3.1

Year Assessed
2010

Assessor/s
Smith-Vaniz, B, Robertson, R., Dominici-Arosemena, A., Molina, H., Salas, E., Guzman-Mora, A.G.

Reviewer/s
Carpenter, K., Polidoro, B., Livingstone, S. (Global Marine Species Assessment Team)

Justification
This species is widespread and is moderately common in the Eastern Pacific. There are no major threats known, and no current indication of widespread population decline. It is listed as Least Concern.
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Conservation status

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IUCN Red List: Not evaluated / Listed

CITES: Not listed
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Population

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Population
There is no population information for this species. This species is moderately common, and is abundant in the Gulf of California and the Gulf of Panama (FAO 1995). It is not uncommonly caught as bycatch in trawls in Panama, Costa Rica and El Salvador.

Population Trend
Unknown
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Threats

Threats

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Major Threats
There are no major threats known for this species.
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Least Concern (LC)
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Management

Conservation Actions

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Conservation Actions
There are no known species specific conservation measures. However, this species' distribution overlaps a number of Marine Protected Areas in the Eastern Pacific region.
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems

Benefits

Importance

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fisheries: of no interest
  • Heemstra, P.C. 1995 Serranidae. Meros, serranos, guasetas, enjambres, baquetas, indios, loros, gallinas, cabrillas, garropas. p. 1565-1613. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9342)   http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9342&speccode=8727 External link.
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