Overview
Comprehensive Description
Biology
Inshore species occurring on soft substrates to at least 30 m (Ref. 9840). Enters estuaries (Ref. 4832). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Flesh is used as food and skin is used to produce leather (Ref. 9840).
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Talwar, P.K. and A.G. Jhingran 1991 Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. vol 1. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. 541 p. (Ref. 4832)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4832&speccode=1272
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FishBase
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Distribution
Indo-Pacific: from Pakistan to the Malay Peninsula.
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Talwar, P.K. and A.G. Jhingran 1991 Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. vol 1. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. 541 p. (Ref. 4832)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4832&speccode=1272
© WorldFish Center - FishBase
Source:
FishBase
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Physical Description
Size
Max. size
105 cm WD (male/unsexed; (Ref. 4832))
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Talwar, P.K. and A.G. Jhingran 1991 Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. vol 1. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. 541 p. (Ref. 4832)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4832&speccode=1272
© WorldFish Center - FishBase
Source:
FishBase
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Ecology
Habitat
Depth range based on 4 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 3 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): 11 - 26.5
Temperature range (°C): 25.990 - 28.063
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.321 - 1.220
Salinity (PPS): 32.039 - 36.293
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.222 - 4.502
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.182 - 0.539
Silicate (umol/l): 5.211 - 8.527
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): 11 - 26.5
Temperature range (°C): 25.990 - 28.063
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.321 - 1.220
Salinity (PPS): 32.039 - 36.293
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.222 - 4.502
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.182 - 0.539
Silicate (umol/l): 5.211 - 8.527
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 3 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): 11 - 26.5
Temperature range (°C): 25.990 - 28.063
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.321 - 1.220
Salinity (PPS): 32.039 - 36.293
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.222 - 4.502
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.182 - 0.539
Silicate (umol/l): 5.211 - 8.527
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): 11 - 26.5
Temperature range (°C): 25.990 - 28.063
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.321 - 1.220
Salinity (PPS): 32.039 - 36.293
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.222 - 4.502
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.182 - 0.539
Silicate (umol/l): 5.211 - 8.527
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
Trusted
Environment
benthopelagic; amphidromous (Ref. 51243); brackish; marine; depth range ? - 30 m (Ref. 9840)
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Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=51243&speccode=4683
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Last, P.R. and L.J.V. Compagno 1999 Dasyatididae. Stingrays. p. 1479-1505. In K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 3. Batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 (Elopidae to Linophrynidae). FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9840)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9840&speccode=15387
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Source:
FishBase
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Migration
Amphidromous. Refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea (in both directions), but not for the purpose of breeding, as in anadromous and catadromous species. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.Characteristic elements in amphidromy are: reproduction in fresh water, passage to sea by newly hatched larvae, a period of feeding and growing at sea usually a few months long, return to fresh water of well-grown juveniles, a further period of feeding and growing in fresh water, followed by reproduction there (Ref. 82692).
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Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=51243&speccode=4683
© WorldFish Center - FishBase
Source:
FishBase
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Life History and Behavior
Life Cycle
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).
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Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=205&speccode=1256
© WorldFish Center - FishBase
Source:
FishBase
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Conservation
Threats
Not Evaluated
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IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006.
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=57073
© WorldFish Center - FishBase
Source:
FishBase
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Benefits
Importance
fisheries: commercial
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Last, P.R. and L.J.V. Compagno 1999 Dasyatididae. Stingrays. p. 1479-1505. In K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 3. Batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 (Elopidae to Linophrynidae). FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9840)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9840&speccode=15387
© WorldFish Center - FishBase
Source:
FishBase
Trusted
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