Table of Contents
Overview
Comprehensive Description
Biology
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Smith, M.M. 1986 Ostraciidae. p. 890-893. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3141)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=3141&speccode=23122
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Distribution
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Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray 1986 A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=7251&speccode=942
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North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=2901
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North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=2901
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Anon. (2000). FishBase 2000 [CD-ROM]. ICLARM: Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. 4 cd-roms pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=6542
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Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas.
http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=sourcedetails&id=145245
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Physical Description
Morphology
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Smith, M.M. 1986 Ostraciidae. p. 890-893. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3141)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=3141&speccode=23122
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Size
Max. size
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Bohnsack, J.A. and D.E. Harper 1988 Length-weight relationships of selected marine reef fishes from the southeastern United States and the Caribbean. NOAA Tech. Mem. NMFS-SEFC-215:31 p.
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=6937
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Diagnostic Description
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Smith, M.M. 1986 Ostraciidae. p. 890-893. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3141)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=3141&speccode=23122
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Ecology
Habitat
Environment
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Smith, C.L. 1997 National Audubon Society field guide to tropical marine fishes of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York. 720 p. (Ref. 26938)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=26938&speccode=4257
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Gasparini, J.L. and S.R. Floeter 2001 The shore fishes of Trindade Island, western South Atlantic. J. Nat. Hist. 35:1639-1656. (Ref. 40849)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=40849&speccode=92
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Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 232 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): 0 - 75
Temperature range (°C): 22.695 - 27.274
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.289 - 2.736
Salinity (PPS): 35.556 - 37.190
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.033 - 4.855
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.075 - 0.290
Silicate (umol/l): 0.756 - 5.012
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): 0 - 75
Temperature range (°C): 22.695 - 27.274
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.289 - 2.736
Salinity (PPS): 35.556 - 37.190
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.033 - 4.855
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.075 - 0.290
Silicate (umol/l): 0.756 - 5.012
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
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From 2 to 80 meters.
Habitat: reef-associated.
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Trophic Strategy
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Randall, J.E. 1968 Caribbean reef fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Inc. Ltd., The British Crown Colony of Hong Kong. 318 p.
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=32
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Acanthostracion quadricornis
There are 15 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
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Download FASTA File
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Acanthostracion quadricornis
Public Records: 16
Specimens with Barcodes: 55
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Conservation
Threats
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IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006.
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=57073
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Benefits
Importance
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Sadovy, Y. 1992 A preliminary assessment of the marine aquarium export trade in Puerto Rico. Proceedings of the Seventh International Coral Reef Symposium, Guam, Vol. 2, p. 1014-1021. (Ref. 12090)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=12090&speccode=3535
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Tyler, J.C. 1978 Ostraciidae. In W. Fischer (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. West Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). Vol. 3. [pag. var.]. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3696)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=3696&speccode=1107
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Wikipedia
Scrawled cowfish
The scrawled cowfish, Acanthostracion quadricornis, belongs to the Ostraciidae family and is closely related to boxfish and trunkfish. They range in size from 8-15 inches, with a maximum length of 18 inches, and can be found at depths between 6 and 80 feet. It is common to occasional in Florida and Bahamas; occasional to uncommon in the Caribbean. It may occur in the Gulf of Mexico, north to Massachusetts, Bermuda and south to Brazil. It has distinctive features such as a scrawled pattern of bluish markings covering its body; a blue line runs from snout to anal fin and it has a sharp spine above each eye. This latter point distinguishes cowfish from trunkfish.
Overall it is coloured blue-green to yellow cast. However, it may darken, pale and change color. Significantly it has two sharp spines in front of anal fin. The scrawled cowfish lives in a wide range of habitats including grass beds. However it is wary. If disturbed it may remain motionless apparently relying on camouflage.
Note
- Formerly classified in genus Lactophrys
References
- Humann, P. & Deloach, N., Reef fish identification, Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas, 2003, 481 p., p. 388-389
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