Oligoplites saurus — Details

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Overview

Comprehensive Description

Biology

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Found inshore, usually along sandy beaches, in bays and inlets (Ref. 9283). Enters estuaries and fresh water (Ref. 9283). Prefers turbid water (Ref. 9283). Occurs in schools, usually large and fast moving, often leaping out of the water (Ref. 9283). Juveniles may float at the surface with tail bent and head down. Feeds on fishes and crustaceans (Ref. 9283). Its dorsal and anal spines are connected to venomous glands that can inflict painful wounds (Ref. 9283). Venom glands were not visible, not able to be confirmed in specimen (Ref. 57406). Current information in the table (dangerous fish) do not match; needs verification. Juveniles have incisor-like outer teeth and serve as cleaners for other fish; as fish grow, their teeth become conical and their diet changes (Ref. 26938). Marketed fresh and salted or dried but the flesh is not highly esteemed (Ref. 9283).
  • Smith-Vaniz, W.F. 1995 Carangidae. Jureles, pámpanos, cojinúas, zapateros, cocineros, casabes, macarelas, chicharros, jorobados, medregales, pez pilota. p. 940-986. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9283)   http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9283&speccode=1915 External link.
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Description

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Common names: leatherjack (English), cuero (Espanol), piña (Espanol), zapatero (Espanol)
 
Oligoplites saurus inornatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

Yellowtail leatherjack



Elongate, very compressed; snout pointed; upper jaw terminating at or slightly beyond rear margin of pupil, its length 52-57% of head length;  upper jaw with 2 distinct rows of teeth; gill rakers (excluding rudiments) 5-7 + 14-18; dorsal rays IV-V+I, 19-21; anal rays II+I, 19-21, fin base about = to that of soft dorsal fin; posterior 11-15 dorsal and anal soft rays forming semi-detached finlets; pectoral short (< head length); lateral line slightly arched over pectoral fin, but mainly straight; scales needle shaped, partly buried; no scutes on lateral line.


Silvery, greenish to bluish on uppermost part of back; caudal fin yellow; dorsal and anal fins clear.


Size: grows to 45 cm, common to 25 cm.

Habitat: demersal; occurs in schools along sandy beaches.

Depth: 0-50 m.



Southern Baja and the Gulf of California to Peru, Galapagos and Malpelo.



Oligoplites saurus is new world tropical species with separate subspecies in the eastern Pacific and west Atlantic.

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Distribution

Range Description

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This eastern Pacific subspecies is found from southern Baja California and most of the Gulf of California to Ecuador, including Galapagos and Malpelo islands.
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Distribution

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Western Atlantic: Maine, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to Uruguay
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Distribution

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Gulf of Maine, Gulf of Mexico, North West Atlantic
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National Distribution

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United States

Origin: Native

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

Type of Residency: Year-round

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Common on both coasts of tropical America; northward to New York and southern Massachusetts, but strays into the southern part of the Gulf of Maine.
  • Bigelow, H.B. and W.C. Schroeder, 1953; Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1995.
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Depth

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Depth Range (m): 0 (S) - 50 (S)
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Zoogeography

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See Map (including site records) of Distribution in the Tropical Eastern Pacific


 
Global Endemism: All species, East Pacific endemic, Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) endemic

Regional Endemism: All species, TEP endemic, Continent + Island (s), Continent, Island (s)

Residency: Resident

Climate Zone: North Temperate (Californian Province &/or Northern Gulf of California), Northern Subtropical (Cortez Province + Sinaloan Gap), Northern Tropical (Mexican Province to Nicaragua + Revillagigedos), Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo)

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Western Atlantic: Maine, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to Uruguay; throughout most of the West Indies (Ref. 3277). Absent from the Bahamas (Ref. 26938). Eastern Pacific: Baja California, Mexico to Ecuador (Ref. 9283). Two subspecies exists (Ref. 3277): Oligoplites saurus saurus (western Atlantic population) and Oligoplites saurus inornatus (eastern Pacific population).
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Physical Description

Morphology

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Dorsal spines (total): 5 - 6; Dorsal soft rays (total): 19 - 21; Anal spines: 2 - 3; Analsoft rays: 18 - 21
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Size

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Length max (cm): 45.0 (S)
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Size

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Maximum size: 350 mm TL
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to 35.0 cm TL (male/unsexed); max. weight: 287.0 g.
  • Bigelow, H.B. and W.C. Schroeder, 1953; Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1995.
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Max. size

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35.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 5217)); max. published weight: 287 g (Ref. 3277)
  • Cervigón, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A.J. Lemus, R. Márquez, J.M. Poutiers, G. Robaina and B. Rodriguez 1992 Fichas FAO de identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca. Guía de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aquas salobres de la costa septentrional de Sur América. FAO, Rome. 513 p. Preparado con el financiamento de la Comisión de Comunidades Europeas y de NORAD. (Ref. 5217)   http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=5217&speccode=7572 External link.
  • Berry, F.H. and W.F. Smith-Vaniz 1978 Carangidae. In W. Fischer (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. West Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). volume 1. FAO, Rome. [var. pag.]. (Ref. 3277)   http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=3277&speccode=378 External link.
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Diagnostic Description

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Body elongate and strongly compressed (depth from 3.5 to 4.4 times in standard length); posterior end of upper jaw reaching posterior rim of eye; upper jaw teeth small and villiform; lower branch of first gill arch with 14 to 18 gill rakers; scales small but visible, needle-shaped, embedded in the skin; back blue green; flanks and belly silvery to white, sometimes with yellow or golden highlights; pectoral and caudal fins yellowish (Ref. 55763); Dorsal fin has 5 nearly separate spines.
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Type Information

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Holotype for Oligoplites inornatus
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Fishes
Collector(s): J. Dow
Locality: Panama, Pacific
  • Holotype: Gill, T. N. 1863. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 15: 166.
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Ecology

Habitat

Habitat and Ecology

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Habitat and Ecology
This subspecies is found inshore, usually along sandy beaches, in bays and inlets; enters estuaries and fresh water and prefers turbid water (Smith-Vaniz 1995). It occurs in schools. It feeds on fishes and crustaceans. This subspecies is found to 50m.

Systems
  • Marine
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Habitat

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nektonic
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Depth range based on 127 specimens in 2 taxa.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 14 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 37
  Temperature range (°C): 20.901 - 25.997
  Nitrate (umol/L): 0.133 - 0.663
  Salinity (PPS): 34.228 - 35.999
  Oxygen (ml/l): 4.769 - 5.178
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.101 - 0.446
  Silicate (umol/l): 0.868 - 4.219

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 37

Temperature range (°C): 20.901 - 25.997

Nitrate (umol/L): 0.133 - 0.663

Salinity (PPS): 34.228 - 35.999

Oxygen (ml/l): 4.769 - 5.178

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.101 - 0.446

Silicate (umol/l): 0.868 - 4.219
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
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Habitat Type: Marine

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Pelagic; brackish; marine. Found inshore, usually in turbid waters along sandy beaches, or in bays and inlets. Enters estuaries and fresh water. Forms large and fast moving schools and will often leap out of the water. Juveniles may float at the surface with tail bent and head down.
  • Bigelow, H.B. and W.C. Schroeder, 1953; Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1995.
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Habitat

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Salinity: Marine, Brackish, Freshwater

Inshore/Offshore: Inshore, Inshore Only

Water Column Position: Near Surface, Mid Water, Near Bottom, Bottom, Bottom + water column

Habitat: Soft bottom (mud, sand,gravel, beach, estuary & mangrove), Sand & gravel, Beach, Freshwater, Water column

FishBase Habitat: Pelagic
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Environment

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reef-associated; brackish; marine
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Migration

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Non-Migrant: No. All populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations.

Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e.g., to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites).

Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km.

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Trophic Strategy

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Found inshore, usually along sandy beaches, in bays and inlets (Ref. 9283). Enters estuaries and freshwater (Ref. 9283). Prefers turbid water (Ref. 9283). Occurs in schools, usually large and fast moving, often leaping out of the water (Ref. 9283). Juveniles may float at the surface with tail bent and head down. Feeds on fishes and crustaceans (Ref. 9283). Its dorsal and anal spines are connected to venomous glands that can inflict painful wounds (Ref. 9283).
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Fishes and crustaceans.
  • Bigelow, H.B. and W.C. Schroeder, 1953; Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1995.
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Feeding

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Feeding Group: Carnivore

Diet: Pelagic crustacea, ectoparasites, bony fishes
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Diseases and Parasites

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Caligus Infestation 2. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
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Life History and Behavior

Reproduction

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no information
  • Bigelow, H.B. and W.C. Schroeder, 1953; Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1995.
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Reproduction

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Egg Type: Pelagic, Pelagic larva
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Molecular Biology and Genetics

Molecular Biology

Barcode data: Oligoplites saurus

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The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. 

 
There is 1 barcode sequence available from BOLD and GenBank.   Below is the sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species.  See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen.  Other sequences that do not yet meet barcode criteria may also be available.
 
MXII171-07|MX984|Oligoplites saurus| ------------------------------------------CTCTACCTTGTGTTTGGGGCCTGAGCCGGAATAGTAGGAACAGGCCTA---AGCTTACTCATTCGAGCAGAGCTAAGCCAACCTGGATCTCTTCTCGGCGAC---GACCAAATATATAATGTTATCGTTACAGCCCACGCCTTCGTAATAATTTTCTTTATAGTAATGCCAATTATAATTGGAGGATTCGGGAACTGACTCATCCCCCTAATG---ATTGGAGCCCCCGATATAGCTTTCCCTCGAATAAACAACATAAGCTTCTGACTTCTTCCACCATCCTTCCTTCTGCTCCTTACCTCATCAGGTGTAGAAGCTGGGGCAGGAACTGGATGAACAGTATACCCTCCGCTCGCTGGAAATTTGGCCCACGCAGGAGCATCCGTAGACCTA---ACAATCTTCTCCCTCCACCTCGCCGGAATCTCTTCAATTCTTGGGGCTATTAATTTCATTACAACTATCATTAACATGAAACCCCACGCCGTCTCTATATATCAAATCCCCCTGTTCGTATGAGCCGTCCTAATTACAGCAGTACTTCTTCTACTCTCCCTCCCCGTACTGGCCGCC---GGCATCACTATGCTCCTAACAGATCGTAACCTCAAAACCGCCTTCTTCGACCCTGCTGGAGGAGGAAATCCTATCCTCTACCAACATCTA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  
-- end --

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Oligoplites saurus

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Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 1
Species: 3
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Conservation

Conservation Status

IUCN Red List Assessment

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Red List Category
LC
Least Concern

Red List Criteria

Version
3.1

Year Assessed
2010

Assessor/s
Smith-Vaniz, B, Robertson, R., Dominici-Arosemena, A., Molina, H.

Reviewer/s
Carpenter, K., Polidoro, B., Livingstone, S. (Global Marine Species Assessment Team)

Contributor/s

Justification
This subspecies is widespread in the tropical eastern Pacific. There are no major threats to this subspecies, and no current indication of widespread population decline. It is listed as Least Concern.
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National NatureServe Conservation Status

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United States

Rounded National Status Rank: N5 - Secure

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NatureServe Conservation Status

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Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure

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Conservation status

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IUCN Red List: Not evaluated / Listed

CITES: Not listed
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Population

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Population
There is no population information available for this subspecies.

Population Trend
Unknown
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Threats

Threats

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Major Threats
There are no major threats known for this subspecies. This species is caught in artisanal fisheries. It is marketed fresh and salted or dried, but the flesh is not highly esteemed (Smith-Vaniz 1995).
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Not Evaluated
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Management

Conservation Actions

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Conservation Actions
There are no known species specific conservation measures. However, this subspecies' distribution includes a number of Marine Protected Areas in the tropical eastern Pacific region.
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems

Benefits

Importance

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fisheries: minor commercial; gamefish: yes; bait: occasionally
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Wikipedia

Leatherjacket fish

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The leatherjacket fish, skipjack or leather jack, Oligoplites saurus, is a jack and member of the Carangidae family. Leather jack may also refer to other members of the Carangidea family, such as the pilot fish.

Leatherjack may also refer to the smooth leatherjacket, a member of the Monacanthidae family.

Contents

Distribution

The leatherjack fish inhabits shallow waters of the Gulf of Mexico and southern Atlantic coast. Also found in Australian waters, in the Pacific and Indian ocean.

Feeding Habits

It voraciously devours small fish and shrimp, often in company with larger predatory species.

Edibility

Traditionally, the leather jacket has not been eaten, however recently with large scale farming of the fish, it has become a common fish at market. The fish has a mild oily taste similar to spanish mackerel or bluefish.

References

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