Table of Contents
Overview
Comprehensive Description
Biology
Occurs inshore and offshore, from the intertidal to at least 70 m depth (Ref. 9862). May enter brackish water. Feeds on worms, crustaceans, snails, and bony fishes (Ref. 12951). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). With litters of up to 4 young. Size at birth about 17 cm WD (Ref. 6871). Caught frequently but in lower numbers, by bottom trawl and inshore gillnet fisheries in some areas. Utilized for its meat, but of limited value due to its small size (Ref.58048).
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Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens 1994 Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia. 513 p. (Ref. 6871)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=6871&speccode=5891
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Distribution
Range Description
Aetomylaeus nichofii is an Indo-West Pacific species, ranging from Japan to Australia and west to Pakistan. There are single records from the Maldives and from southern Mozambique, indicating that the species may have a wider distribution in the Indian Ocean than currently thought. In Australia, the species is recorded in tropical waters from Bonaparte Archipelago, Western Australia to Hervey Bay, Queensland, including waters of the Northern Territory (Last and Stevens 1994, Compagno and Last 1999, Kyne et al. in prep.).
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Indo-West Pacific: Persian Gulf to the Philippines, north to Korea and southern Japan, south to northern Australia. Possibly in the Red Sea and eastern and southern Africa.
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Compagno, L.J.V. 1997 Myliobatidae. Eagle rays. p. 1511-1519. In K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 3. Batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes. Part 1 (Elopidae to Linophrynidae). FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9862)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9862&speccode=8687
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Physical Description
Size
Max. size
65.0 cm WD (male/unsexed; (Ref. 47613))
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Assadi, H. and R. Dehghani P. 1997 Atlas of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman fishes. Iranian Fisheries Research and Training Organization, Iran. (Ref. 47613)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=47613&speccode=1846
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Ecology
Habitat
Habitat and Ecology
Habitat and Ecology
Systems
A demersal species on the continental shelf inshore to at least 70 m. Born at about 17 cm disc width (DW) and reaches at least 64 cm DW. Viviparous with litters of up to four young (Last and Stevens 1994, Compagno and Last 1999). Nothing else is known of this species' biology.
Systems
- Marine
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Depth range based on 12 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 4 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): 15 - 116.5
Temperature range (°C): 24.802 - 27.349
Nitrate (umol/L): 1.072 - 3.554
Salinity (PPS): 33.598 - 34.621
Oxygen (ml/l): 3.354 - 3.986
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.201 - 0.501
Silicate (umol/l): 6.182 - 11.564
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): 15 - 116.5
Temperature range (°C): 24.802 - 27.349
Nitrate (umol/L): 1.072 - 3.554
Salinity (PPS): 33.598 - 34.621
Oxygen (ml/l): 3.354 - 3.986
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.201 - 0.501
Silicate (umol/l): 6.182 - 11.564
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 4 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): 15 - 116.5
Temperature range (°C): 24.802 - 27.349
Nitrate (umol/L): 1.072 - 3.554
Salinity (PPS): 33.598 - 34.621
Oxygen (ml/l): 3.354 - 3.986
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.201 - 0.501
Silicate (umol/l): 6.182 - 11.564
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): 15 - 116.5
Temperature range (°C): 24.802 - 27.349
Nitrate (umol/L): 1.072 - 3.554
Salinity (PPS): 33.598 - 34.621
Oxygen (ml/l): 3.354 - 3.986
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.201 - 0.501
Silicate (umol/l): 6.182 - 11.564
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
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Depth: 0 - 70m.
Recorded at 70 meters.
Habitat: demersal.
Recorded at 70 meters.
Habitat: demersal.
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Environment
demersal; amphidromous (Ref. 51243); brackish; marine; depth range ? - 70 m (Ref. 6871)
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Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=51243&speccode=4683
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Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens 1994 Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia. 513 p. (Ref. 6871)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=6871&speccode=5891
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Migration
Amphidromous. Refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea (in both directions), but not for the purpose of breeding, as in anadromous and catadromous species. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.Characteristic elements in amphidromy are: reproduction in fresh water, passage to sea by newly hatched larvae, a period of feeding and growing at sea usually a few months long, return to fresh water of well-grown juveniles, a further period of feeding and growing in fresh water, followed by reproduction there (Ref. 82692).
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Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=51243&speccode=4683
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Trophic Strategy
Occurs inshore and offshore, from the intertidal to at least 70 m depth. May enter brackish water (Ref. 31276). Found on the continental shelf (Ref. 75154). Feeds on worms, crustaceans, snails, and bony fishes.
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Fernholm, B. 1998 Hagfish systematics. p. 33-44. In J.M. Jørgensen, J.P. Lomholt, R.E. Weber and H. Malte (eds.) The biology of hagfishes. Chapman & Hall, London. 578 p.
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=31276
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Life History and Behavior
Life Cycle
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Gives birth to ~4 pups; born at ~17 cm WD (Ref.58048).
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Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=205&speccode=1256
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Aetomylaeus nichofii
The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.
There is 1 barcode sequence available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is the sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen. Other sequences that do not yet meet barcode criteria may also be available.
Download FASTA File
There is 1 barcode sequence available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is the sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen. Other sequences that do not yet meet barcode criteria may also be available.
FOAF938-07|BW-A3810|Aetomylaeus nichofii| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------GGCACTGGCCTT---AGCCTACTCATTCGAACTGAACTAAGCCAGCCAGGAGCATTATTGGGCGAT---GACCAAATTTATAATGTAATCGTCACTGCCCATGCCTTTGTAATAATTTTCTTCATAGTCATACCAATTATAATTGGCGGGTTCGGCAATTGACTAATCCCATTAATG---ATTGGTGCCCCAGACATAGCCTTCCCACGAATAAATAATATAAGTTTTTGGCTTCTCCCCCCATCATTCCTTCTTTTATTAGCTTCAGCAGGAGTAGAAGCTGGGGCCGGAACTGGTTGAACTGTCTACCCCCCTCTAGCTGGTAATTTAGCCCACGCTGGAGCCTCTGTGGACTTA---GCCATTTTTTCCTTACACCTAGCAGGTATCTCTTCCATCCTAGCATCTATTAATTTTATTACTACAATTATTAATATGAAACCACCCGCAATTTCTCAATACCAAACACCCCTCTTTGTATGATCCATCCTTATTACAGCCGTTCTTCTACTACTCTCCTTACCAGTTCTAGCAGCA---GGCATTACTATACTCCTCACAGATCGTAACCTCAATACAACTTTCTTTGACCCAGCAGGAGGCGGTGACCCGATCCTTTACCAACATTTA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- end --
-- end --
Download FASTA File
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Aetomylaeus nichofii
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 1
Species: 16
Species With Barcodes: 1
Public Records: 1
Species: 16
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Conservation
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
VU
Vulnerable
Red List Criteria
A2d+3d+4d
Version
3.1
Year Assessed
2003
Assessor/s
Kyne, P.M., Compagno, L.J.V. & Bennett, M.B. (SSG Australia & Oceania Regional Workshop, March 2003)
Reviewer/s
Fowler, S. & Cavanagh, R.D. (Shark Red List Authority)
Contributor/s
Justification
Aetomylaeus nichofii is a wide-ranging but rare, little known, Indo-Pacific eagle ray. It is marketed throughout its range, except in Australia. South East Asian market catches are low and have declined, and large regions of the species? range have been subject to intensive (and increasing) trawling for a considerable time. Given actual (and increasing) levels of exploitation, rarity, low fecundity and global declines in catches of batoids the species is listed as Vulnerable (VU A2d+3d+4d). Research urgently needs to address biology and levels of abundance.
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Trends
Population
Population
Population Trend
Currently there are no available data on populations.
Population Trend
Decreasing
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Threats
Threats
Major Threats
The species is a major commercial eagle ray that is marketed throughout the region, except in northern Australia. It is naturally rare and has declined due to heavy trawling in southeast Asia since the 1960s. The species is rarely seen in both Thai and Indonesian market catches, where the Gulf of Thailand and Indonesian waters are subject to increasing trawling. It was previously more common in Thai markets. In Australian waters the species is rare with few museum records and ranges over moderately trawled areas (east coast of Queensland, Gulf of Carpentaria). The species may also be associated with coral reefs, which are under increasing pressure throughout most of its tropical range.
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Vulnerable (VU) (A2d+3d+4d)
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IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006.
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=57073
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Management
Conservation Actions
Conservation Actions
There are no current conservation measures in place for A. nichofii. The species may be protected in small areas of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park in Australia, although commercial fishing is still permitted in the majority of the park.
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Benefits
Importance
fisheries: minor commercial; price category: Small scale fishery.; price reliability: medium
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Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens 1994 Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia. 513 p. (Ref. 6871)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=6871&speccode=5891
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Wikipedia
Banded eagle ray
The banded eagle ray (Aetomylaeus nichofii) is a species of fish in the Myliobatidae family. It is found in Australia, Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, possibly Maldives, and possibly Mozambique. Its natural habitats are open seas, shallow seas, and coral reefs. It is threatened by habitat loss.
References
- Kyne, P.M., Compagno, L.J.V. & Bennett, M.B. 2003. Aetomylaeus nichofii. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 3 August 2007.
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