Etroplus suratensis — Details

Green Chromide learn more about names for this taxon

Overview

Comprehensive Description

Biology

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Primarily found in brackish water but known to tolerate fresh or marine waters for short periods (Ref. 48490). Found in large rivers, reservoirs, lagoons and estuaries. Feed on filamentous algae, plant material and insects.
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Distribution

Range Description

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Etroplus suratensis is distributed in the coastal regions of peninsular India and Sri Lanka. In India, the wild populations have been recorded from the states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. There are also populations in Goa, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal (Jayaram 1981 & 2010, Biju 2005). These are likely introduced populations (V.S. Basheer pers. comm.). The species has now been introduced to dam reservoirs in the mountains and lakes and culture ponds (Rema Devi et al. 2005).
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Western Indian Ocean: India and Sri Lanka.
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Physical Description

Size

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Maximum size: 400 mm TL
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Max. size

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40.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 41236))
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Ecology

Habitat

Habitat and Ecology

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Habitat and Ecology
Etroplus suratensis is a euryhaline species that inhabits mainly brackish water and river mouths. It is an oval-shaped cichlid with a short snout, small mouth not extending past the front margin of the eye with a greyish-green colouration on the flanks, with 6 to 8 dark bars and a dark spot at base of the pectoral fin. Most scales on the sides are with a pearly spot (Costa 2007). Macrophytic fragments form the most important component of its diet along with molluscs, although detritus, diatoms, and animal matter are also ingested (De Silva et al. 1984). Many aspects of this species was studies in order to assess it's suitability for culture in ponds and tanks by Jayaprakash et al. (1990).Adults engage in altruistic multiple parental care where several adults care for a single brood that presumably were spawned by only two of the adults (Ward and Wyman 1977).

Systems
  • Freshwater
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Depth range based on 2 specimens in 1 taxon.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0.6 - 1

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0.6 - 1
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
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Environment

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benthopelagic; brackish; depth range 10 - ? m
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Trophic Strategy

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Occurs in brackish and fresh waters and has been observed to breed in these habitats. Found in large rivers, reservoirs, lagoons and estuaries. Feeds on filamentous algae, plant material and insects.
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Diseases and Parasites

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Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome. Viral diseases
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Life History and Behavior

Life Cycle

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After spawning, about 500 eggs are laid and attached to a submerged log, rock or sometimes roots and weeds, in still or slow flowing water. Parents guard and fan the eggs until hatching, usually about 4 days. The fry shoal around their parents during the first weeks of growth. Parents refrain from feeding from the time of spawning until the fry become independent.
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Molecular Biology and Genetics

Molecular Biology

Barcode data: Etroplus suratensis

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The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. 

 
There are 3 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank.  Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species.  See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
 
GBGC8377-09|FJ237544|Etroplus suratensis| ------------------------------------------CTTTATTTAGTATTTGGTGCTTGAGCTGGAATAGTAGGCACTGCTTTA---AGCCTACTTATCCGAGCAGAACTAAGCCAACCAGGCTCTCTCCTTGGAGAC---GACCAGATTTACAATGTTATCGTAACTGCGCACGCCTTCGTTATAATTTTCTTCATGGTTATGCCAATCATAATTGGCGGCTTCGGAAACTGACTAGTTCCCTTAATA---ATTGGTGCCCCCGATATAGCCTTCCCCCGAATAAACAACATGAGCTTCTGACTCCTTCCTCCCTCATTCTTGCTCCTTTTAGCATCCTCTGGTGTAGAGGCAGGGGCAGGAACAGGGTGAACCGTATACCCTCCTCTAGCAGGCAACCTTGCCCATGCAGGGGCCTCTGTTGATTTA---ACCATCTTTTCCCTACATCTAGCAGGTGTTTCATCTATTCTTGGGGCAATCAACTTTATCACCACAATCATTAATATGAAACCTCCCGCTATTTCACAATATCAAACCCCCTTATTTGTCTGAGCTGTTCTTATTACGGCCGTCCTTCTTCTTCTCTCTCTCCCCGTACTAGCAGCC---GGCATCACAATGCTTCTAACAGATCGAAATTTAAATACGACCTTTTTCGATCCCGCAGGGGGAGGAGACCCCATCTTATACCAGCACCTC------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
-- end --

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Etroplus suratensis

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Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 3
Species: 6
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Conservation

Conservation Status

IUCN Red List Assessment

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Red List Category
LC
Least Concern

Red List Criteria

Version
3.1

Year Assessed
2011

Assessor/s
Abraham, R.

Reviewer/s
Madhusoodana Kurup, B., Basheer, V.S., Raghavan, R. & Cox, N.A.

Contributor/s
Molur, S.

Justification

Etroplus suratensis is assessed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large overall population, even though it has a relatively declining trend in the wild, in Kerala.

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Population

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Population
It is a common, but declining species.

Population Trend
Decreasing
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Threats

Threats

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Major Threats
Wild populations of Etroplus suratensis are subject to various pressures brought on by people like habitat deterioration brought on by the disposal of solid and liquid wastes and the discharge of human fecal matter from adjacent habitations and an increasing number of tourism resorts and houseboats, which are going beyond the carrying capacity of the backwaters/estuaries. A major threat is from exotic species like Oreochromis mossambicus, Trichogaster trichopterus (Kurup 2007; Krishnakumar et al 2009).There have also been reports in the past, of the Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) disease outbreak, which has been to have spread in South and south-east Asia since 1980 (Pathiratne & Rajapakshe 1998).
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Not Evaluated
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Management

Conservation Actions

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Conservation Actions
Despite the species being in high demand, the wild populations of the species have not been given sufficient conservation attention. There have been attempts in the past to create 'no fishing zones' within some of the larger estuaries and the species did seek refuge in these protected zones. Such No-fishing zones should be extrapolated to other regions as well, to guarantee effective genetic preservation. This is declared as the state fish by the government of Kerala. Captive breeding has been undertaken by Padmakumar et al. (2004). An aquatic sanctuary was made in Vembanad Lake for this species. The Vembanad lake protection forums has started 'Matsyatavalam' (home of fishes) for the sustainable fisheries of this species. Cage culture of this species is being practiced in Vembanad Lake and Vypin Islands.
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems

Benefits

Importance

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fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: commercial; aquarium: commercial
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Wikipedia

Green chromide

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The green chromide (Etroplus suratensis) is a species of cichlid fish from freshwater and brackish water in southern India and Sri Lanka.[1] It is also known as the pearlspot or karimeen (കരിമീന്‍‌) in Malayalam and koral in Bengali.

In India, it is found throughout Kerala, especially in Kerala Backwaters around Alleppey, and in western flowing rivers in Karnataka, and backwaters of Andhra Pradesh. It feeds on algae, plant material and insects.

The fish, known locally as Karimeen, is considered a delicacy.[2] Some of the prominent dishes are the Karemeen Fry, Karemeen Molly and Karemeen Pollichathu. This fish is fairly expensive and is available throughout the year. It is caught mainly using gillnets. It commonly reaches 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in length, and the maximum length is twice that.[1] In 2010 state fisheries minister of Kerala declared Karimeen as the official fish of Kerala state. Year 2010-'11 was observed as 'The Year of the Karimeen". Karemeen Polichathu is commonly wrapped in banana leaves.

References

  1. ^ a b Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2011). "Etroplus suratensis" in FishBase. July 2011 version.
  2. ^ Fresh water fish
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