Table of Contents
Overview
Comprehensive Description
Biology
This schooling, territorial fish occurs in the littoral zone, near rocks and eel-grass beds, also in lagoons. In summer ripe females show short ovipositor. Seaweed nest built by male among rocks or in crevices. Sex reversal sometimes observed. Feed on mollusks, hydroids, bryozoans, worms and various crustaceans (Ref. 4742). Males grow faster than females (Ref. 4742). Oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (Ref. 205).
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Quignard, J.-P. and A. Pras 1986 Labridae. p. 919-942. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 4742)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4742&speccode=55
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Description
Body deep and compressed sideways with a single long dorsal fin. Maximum length 25 cm but usually less than 15 cm. Colour highly variable and depends on background and age of individual. Females and juveniles tend to be brown or greenish-brown, males are typically more brightly coloured. Both sexes have lines on the head and gill covers which are brown and pale blue in the female, bright green or blue in the male. All corkwing wrasse have a black spot in the middle of the tail stalk and a comma shaped spot behind the eye.Males build an elaborate nest of seaweed in either rock crevices or amongst seaweed or seagrasses in sediment areas. The nests are a ball or mound with an entrance hole, which the males aggressively guard. The distinctive tail spot and mark behind the eye may fade in captive individuals.
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Description
The corkwing is a deep bodied wrasse with large scales that extend on to the cheeks below the eyes. It is a relatively small wrasse with adult fish reaching a maximum length of 25cm. The coloration varies with age, sex and breeding season. The females are usually a greenish-reddish brown whilst males are dark reddish-brown with irridescent green-blue lines on their cheeks and gill covers. In the breeding season the males have blue spots on their fins and the centres of the scales are bright green or blue. All corkwings have a characteristic black spot in the middle of the tail stalk and a dark, comma-shaped mark behind each eye. The corkwing is most likely to be confused with small ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) and rock cooks (Centrolabrus exoletus) however neither of these two species have a dark comma-shaped mark behind the eye or a black spot on the tail stalk.
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Distribution
Range Description
In the Eastern Atlantic, this species is present from southern Norway to northern Morocco, including much of the Baltic Sea, and around the United Kingdom, Ireland, and the Azores Islands. In the Mediterranean Sea, it is present in the western and north-eastern Mediterranean basins, the Levantine Sea and the Adriatic Sea.
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Distribution
Baltic sea, Belgian Exclusive Economic Zone, British Isles, Dutch Exclusive Economic Zone, European waters (ERMS scope), Greek Exclusive Economic Zone, IJsselmeer, North East Atlantic, North Sea, Oostende, Oosterschelde, Schelde estuary, Westende, Wimereux
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Leewis, R. (2002). Flora en fauna van de zee [Marine flora and fauna]. Veldgids, 16. KNNV Uitgeverij: Utrecht, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-5011-153-X. 320 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1116
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Müller, Y. (2004). Faune et flore du littoral du Nord, du Pas-de-Calais et de la Belgique: inventaire. [Coastal fauna and flora of the Nord, Pas-de-Calais and Belgium: inventory]. Commission Régionale de Biologie Région Nord Pas-de-Calais: France. 307 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=9269
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Hayward, P.J.; Ryland, J.S. (Ed.) (1990). The marine fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe: 1. Introduction and protozoans to arthropods. Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK. ISBN 0-19-857356-1. 627 pp.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1
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Poll, M. (1945). Contribution à la connaissance de la faune ichtyologique du Bas-Escaut. Bull. Mus. royal d'Hist. Nat. Belg./Med. Kon. Natuurhist. Mus. Belg. 21(11): 1-32
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1641
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Hamerlynck, O.; Hostens, K. (1994). Changes in the fish fauna of the Oosterschelde estuary: a ten-year time series of fyke catches. Hydrobiologia 282-283: 497-507
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1143
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Poll, M. (1943). Poissons marins intéressants ou nouveaux pour la faune de la Côte Belge. Bull. Mus. royal d'Hist. Nat. Belg./Med. Kon. Natuurhist. Mus. Belg. 19(13): 1-20
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1638
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van der Land, J.; Costello, M.J.; Zavodnik, D.; Santos, R.S.; Porteiro, F.M.; Bailly, N.; Eschmeyer, W.N.; Froese, R. (2001). Pisces, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 357-374
http://www.marbef.org/data/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1411
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Koukouras, Athanasios. (2010). Check-list of marine species from Greece. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. Assembled in the framework of the EU FP7 PESI project.
http://www.marinespecies.org/asteroidea/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=142068
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World Register of Marine Species
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Distribution
The corkwing wrasse is widespread all around the coasts of Britain and Ireland.
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Eastern Atlantic: Norway to Morocco and the Azores. Also known from the western Mediterranean and Adriatic seas.
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Quignard, J.-P. and A. Pras 1986 Labridae. p. 919-942. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 4742)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4742&speccode=55
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Physical Description
Morphology
Dorsal spines (total): 14 - 17; Dorsal soft rays (total): 8 - 10; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8 - 11
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Fischer, W., M.-L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) 1987 Fiches FAO d'identification des espèces pour les besoins de la pêche. (Révision 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de Pêche 37. FAO, Rome. 1529 p. (Ref. 231)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=231&speccode=2505
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Size
Max. size
28.0 cm SL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 4742)); max. reported age: 9 years (Ref. 4742)
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Quignard, J.-P. and A. Pras 1986 Labridae. p. 919-942. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 4742)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4742&speccode=55
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Diagnostic Description
A few cephalic pores (7-12) on snout. Lips with 5-7 folds. Scales on temporo-occipital surface 3-5 rows; on inter-operculum 2-3 (6-13) scales; on cheek 4-7; behind eye 1. A small dark spot on caudal peduncle. Often 5 large brown blotches near dorsal fin. Females and young: with numerous spots on body more or less longitudinally lined, some sinuous lines on head (Ref. 231). Coloration very variable; ground color of the male is greenish or blue while females are brownish to yellowish (Ref. 35388).
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Fischer, W., M.-L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) 1987 Fiches FAO d'identification des espèces pour les besoins de la pêche. (Révision 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de Pêche 37. FAO, Rome. 1529 p. (Ref. 231)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=231&speccode=2505
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Ecology
Habitat
Habitat and Ecology
Habitat and Ecology
Systems
This schooling, territorial fish occurs around rocks, rocky reefs and seagrass beds, and also in coastal lagoon habitats. It feeds on molluscs, hydroids, bryozoans, worms and crustaceans (Quignard and Pras 1986).
There is a clear sexual dimorphism, and this species is probably a protogynous hermaphrodite. The male constructs a nest of seaweed amongst rocks or in rock crevices, in which the adhesive eggs are laid (Golani et al. 2006).
There is a clear sexual dimorphism, and this species is probably a protogynous hermaphrodite. The male constructs a nest of seaweed amongst rocks or in rock crevices, in which the adhesive eggs are laid (Golani et al. 2006).
Systems
- Marine
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Depth range based on 5197 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 25 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): 0.6 - 119
Temperature range (°C): 11.353 - 12.243
Nitrate (umol/L): 5.275 - 6.816
Salinity (PPS): 34.827 - 35.352
Oxygen (ml/l): 6.095 - 6.278
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.399 - 0.559
Silicate (umol/l): 2.442 - 4.063
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): 0.6 - 119
Temperature range (°C): 11.353 - 12.243
Nitrate (umol/L): 5.275 - 6.816
Salinity (PPS): 34.827 - 35.352
Oxygen (ml/l): 6.095 - 6.278
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.399 - 0.559
Silicate (umol/l): 2.442 - 4.063
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 25 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): 0.6 - 119
Temperature range (°C): 11.353 - 12.243
Nitrate (umol/L): 5.275 - 6.816
Salinity (PPS): 34.827 - 35.352
Oxygen (ml/l): 6.095 - 6.278
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.399 - 0.559
Silicate (umol/l): 2.442 - 4.063
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): 0.6 - 119
Temperature range (°C): 11.353 - 12.243
Nitrate (umol/L): 5.275 - 6.816
Salinity (PPS): 34.827 - 35.352
Oxygen (ml/l): 6.095 - 6.278
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.399 - 0.559
Silicate (umol/l): 2.442 - 4.063
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
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Habitat
On rocky shores amongst seaweed and in lower shore pools, extending sublittorally to depths of up to 50 m.
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Depth: 1 - 30m.
From 1 to 30 meters.
Habitat: demersal.
From 1 to 30 meters.
Habitat: demersal.
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Habitat
This species is usually found in seaweed covered rockpools or amongst seaweed covered rocks in the sublittoral down to a depth of 30m. Juvenile fish are also found in sea grass beds. The diet consists mainly of molluscs and small crustaceans although juveniles have also been observed to act as cleaners of large fish.
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Environment
reef-associated; non-migratory; marine, usually 1 - 30 m (Ref. 35388)
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Muus, B.J. and J.G. Nielsen 1999 Sea fish. Scandinavian Fishing Year Book, Hedehusene, Denmark. 340 p. (Ref. 35388)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=35388&speccode=37
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Trophic Strategy
More or less gregarious, old and young specimens mixed. Feeds mainly on bivalves (Ref. 46112).
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Fischer, W., M.-L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) 1987 Fiches FAO d'identification des espèces pour les besoins de la pêche. (Révision 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de Pêche 37. FAO, Rome. 1529 p. (Ref. 231)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=231&speccode=2505
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Life History and Behavior
Life Cycle
Sex reversal sometimes observed. Seaweed nest built by male among rocks or in crevices (Ref. 4742). Oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (Ref. 205).
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Quignard, J.-P. and A. Pras 1986 Labridae. p. 919-942. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 4742)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4742&speccode=55
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Symphodus melops
The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.
There is 1 barcode sequence available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is the sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen. Other sequences that do not yet meet barcode criteria may also be available.
Download FASTA File
There is 1 barcode sequence available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is the sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen. Other sequences that do not yet meet barcode criteria may also be available.
GBGCA636-10|GQ341604|Symphodus melops| ---------------------------AAAGATATTGGCACCCTCTATCTCGTATTTGGTGCTTGAGCCGGAATAGTGGGCACCGCCCTA---AGCCTGCTTATCCGAGCAGAACTAAGCCAGCCTGGCGCCCTCCTTGGGGAC---GACCAAATCTACAATGTAATCGTGACGGCCCACGCCTTCGTTATGATTTTCTTTATAGTAATACCAATTATGATCGGAGGTTTCGGAAACTGGCTCATTCCTCTAATG---ATTGGAGCCCCCGACATGGCCTTTCCTCGAATGAACAATATGAGCTTCTGACTCCTCCCTCCCTCGTTCCTTCTCCTCCTTGCCTCTTCCGGCGTGGAAGCAGGGGCCGGCACCGGCTGAACAGTATACCCGCCTTTAGCTGGGAATCTTGCCCACGCAGGAGCATCCGTCGACTTA---ACTATCTTTTCCCTCCACCTGGCAGGAATCTCCTCAATCCTTGGCGCAATTAATTTTATTACCACCATCATTAACATGAAGCCCCCTGCGATCTCACAATATCAGACTCCACTGTTCGTCTGAGCCGTTCTAATTACCGCTGTTCTCCTTCTTCTATCCCTCCCCGTCCTTGCAGCC---GGCATTACAATACTTCTCACAGATCGAAACCTCAATACCACCTTTTTTGATCCTGCAGGCGGAGGAGATCCAATTCTTTATCAA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- end --
-- end --
Download FASTA File
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Symphodus melops
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 1
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
Public Records: 1
Species: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Conservation
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
LC
Least Concern
Red List Criteria
Version
3.1
Year Assessed
2010
Assessor/s
Pollard, D.
Reviewer/s
Sadovy, Y. & Carpenter, K.E.
Contributor/s
Justification
This species is widespread off the Atlantic coastlines of western Europe, and present throughout much of the Mediterranean Sea. There are no known major threats to this species, and though there is little specific population information available, overall its populations are thought to be stable. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.
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Trends
Population
Population
Population Trend
There is very little population information available for this species. It is primarily a colder-water Eastern Atlantic species, and therefore is more common in the western part of the Mediterranean Sea. Its abundance varies throughout the remainder of the Mediterranean Sea (D. Pollard pers. comm. 2008).
Population Trend
Stable
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Threats
Threats
Major Threats
There are no known major threats to this species, although it is sometimes caught as bycatch in local fisheries and sold for food.
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Least Concern (LC)
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IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006.
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=57073
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Management
Conservation Actions
Conservation Actions
There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range.
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Benefits
Importance
fisheries: subsistence fisheries; gamefish: yes; aquarium: public aquariums
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Muus, B. and P. Dahlström 1978 Meeresfische der Ostsee, der Nordsee, des Atlantiks. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München. 244 p. (Ref. 4645)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4645&speccode=38
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Anonymous 1997 Species kept in the Kiel Aquarium in August 1997. Unpublished. 4 p. (Ref. 13389)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=13389&speccode=1361
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Wikipedia
Corkwing wrasse
The corkwing wrasse (Symphodus melops) is a coastal wrasse, a fish of European waters.
Description
Its body is deep and compressed sideways with a single, long dorsal fin. It is usually about 15 cm (5.9 in) long, but has reached 25 cm (9.8 in).
It is highly variable in colour, depending on the environment and age of the fish. The corkwing wrasse has a black spot in the middle of the tail stalk, and a comma-shaped spot behind the eye. Females and juveniles tend to be brown or greenish-brown, while the males are typically more brightly coloured. Both sexes have lines on the head and gill covers which are brown and pale blue in the female, bright green or blue in the male.
Reproduction
Males build a ball-shaped nest of seaweed in rock crevices or sedimentary areas, amongst seaweed or seagrasses. The nest has an entrance hole which the male guards aggressively.
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