Overview

Brief Summary

Sang Spektakuler "Amphiprion clarkii"

Clownfish Clarkii atau Amphiprion clarkii adalah ikan nemo yang memiliki distribusi yang luas. Ikan ini dapat ditemukan di perairan tropis, laguna dan di lereng terumbu. Amphiprion clarkii merupakan ikan yang memiliki warna-warni yang menarik, dengan garis-garis hitam, putih dan kuning cerah, pola warna ini menunjukkan variasi geografis yang cukup besar, namun umumnya pada tubuh ikan ini ada dua garis putih, satu di belakang mata dan satu di atas anus. Jenis ikan Badut ini memiliki tubuh yang kuning-oranye dengan garis-garis putih vertikal di sepanjang tubuh mereka. Sirip ekor berwarna putih atau kuning, namun warnanya selalu lebih halus dari warna tubuhnya.

Amphiprion clarkii merupakan spesies ikan akuarium yang cukup terkenal. Ikan ini adalah jenis ikan omnivora. Mereka umunya menjadi tuan rumah dalam anemon laut. Ikan badut ini tidak begitu memerlukan Anemone untuk bertahan hidup, tetapi mereka mudah dan akan menerima berbagai jenis anemone berbeda untuk di tinggali, termasuk karang. Amphiprion clarkii umum ditemukan berenang di antara tentakel Anemon baik besar dan kecil, maupun di terumbu karang yang spektakuler.Ikan ini jarang ditemukan di laut dalam, karena biasanya habitat tinggalnya yang berupa anemone dan karang berada di perairan dangkal dengan penetrasi cahaya yang cukup sebagai bahan dasar fotosintesis zooxanthellae.

Ikan Amphiprion clarkii memproduksi lendir pelindung yang menutupi tubuh mereka untuk mencegah sengatan dari Anemon. Produksi lender ini dapat dilakukan dengan dua cara: pertama ikan menyerap lendir dari Anemones itu sendiri, yang mereka gunakan untuk melindungi tubuhnya agar tidak menyengat tubuh sendiri, atau mereka menghasilkan lendir sendiri yang reaktif terhadap sengatan anemon. Amphiprion clarkii memiliki gerakan renang yang sangat berbeda yang berbeda dari kebanyakan ikan. Hal ini mungkin diturunkan melalui susunan genetik mereka. Ikan Butterflyfish merupakan predator dari ikan Amphiprion clarkii. Ikan ini bersifat hermafrodit. Ikan ini memiliki hierarki sosial yang ketat. Di alam bebas ikan ini hidup dalam kelompok kecil dengan satu perempuan yang dominan besar, satu laki-laki yang aktif secara seksual lebih kecil, dan beberapa laki-laki lebih kecil dan remaja. Ketika perempuan itu hilang, maka jantan terbesar akan berubah kelamin dan menjadi perempuan.

Amphiprion clarkii sering melakukan tugas bersih-bersih pada tubuh anemon yaitu dengan cara memunguti remah-remah makanan atau kotoran lainnya sehingga tubuh anemon bisa terbebas dari berbagai jenis parasit, dan ikan ini sering membawakan makanan bagi anemon.

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Comprehensive Description

Biology

Adults inhabit lagoons and outer reef slopes. Omnivorous. Oviparous, with elliptical eggs (Ref. 240). Monogamous (Ref. 52884). Oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (Ref. 205). Eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate (Ref. 205). Males guard and aerate the eggs (Ref. 205). Associated with the anemones: Cryptodendrum adhaesivum, Entacmaea quadricolor, Heteractis aurora, Heteractis crispa, Heteractis magnifica, Heteractis malu, Macrodactyla doreensis, Stichodactyla gigantea, Stichodactyla haddoni, and Stichodactyla mertensii (Ref. 5911). Has been observed to share home anemone with individuals of A. sandaracinos (Ref. 90000). Has been reared in captivity (Ref. 35418, 35420).
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Distribution

Indo-West Pacific: Persian Gulf to Western Australia, throughout the Indo-Australian Archipelago and in the western Pacific at the islands of Melanesia and Micronesia, north to Taiwan, southern Japan and the Ryukyu Islands.
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Tanzania
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Indo-West Pacific.
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Physical Description

Morphology

Dorsal spines (total): 10; Dorsal soft rays (total): 15 - 16; Analspines: 2; Analsoft rays: 13 - 14
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Size

Maximum size: 150 mm SL
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Max. size

15.0 cm SL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 6113)); max. reported age: 11 years (Ref. 11318)
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Diagnostic Description

Highly variable in color and several geographical and localized forms (Ref. 48636). Two white bands, one behind the eye and one above the anus. Caudal fin white, sometimes yellowish, but always lighter than rest of the body.
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Description

Inhabits lagoons and outer reef slopes. Omnivorous. Comensal with the anemones @Cryptodendrum adhesivum@ @Entacmaea quadricolor@, @Stichodactyla mertensii@, @S. gigantea@, @S. haddoni@, @Heteractis crispa@, and @H. aurora@.
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Ecology

Habitat

Environment

reef-associated; non-migratory; marine; depth range 1 - 60 m (Ref. 58652)
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Depth range based on 70 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 28 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0.305 - 50.8
  Temperature range (°C): 24.872 - 28.954
  Nitrate (umol/L): 0.016 - 1.118
  Salinity (PPS): 32.185 - 35.361
  Oxygen (ml/l): 4.202 - 4.725
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.073 - 0.337
  Silicate (umol/l): 0.869 - 5.552

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0.305 - 50.8

Temperature range (°C): 24.872 - 28.954

Nitrate (umol/L): 0.016 - 1.118

Salinity (PPS): 32.185 - 35.361

Oxygen (ml/l): 4.202 - 4.725

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.073 - 0.337

Silicate (umol/l): 0.869 - 5.552
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
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Depth: 1 - 55m.
From 1 to 55 meters.

Habitat: reef-associated.
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Trophic Strategy

Occurs inshore (Ref. 75154). Inhabits lagoons and outer reef slopes. Commensal with the anemones Cryptodendrum adhesivum Entacmaea quadricolor, Stichodactyla mertensii, S. gigantea, S. haddoni, Heteractis crispa, and H. Omnivorous (Ref. 35418, 35420). Feeds on plants and invertebrates (Ref. 6110). Aurora. Has been reared in captivity (Ref. 35418, 35420).
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Life History and Behavior

Life Cycle

Benthic spawner. Sex reversal is completed in less than 5-6 months (Ref. 34185). Oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (Ref. 205). Eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate (Ref. 205). Males guard and aerate the eggs (Ref. 205).
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Life Expectancy

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

Maximum longevity: 11 years (wild)
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Molecular Biology and Genetics

Molecular Biology

Barcode data: Amphiprion clarkii

The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.


There are 3 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank.  Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species.  See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.

CCTTTATCTAATTTTCGGTGCTTGAGCTGGGATAGTAGGCACGGCCTTAAGCCTTCTTATTCGAGCAGAATTAAGCCAACCAGGCGCACTTTTAGGAGATGATCAAATTTATAACGTTATTGTTACCGCACATGCCTTCGTGATGATTTTCTTTATAGTAATGCCAATTATGATTGGAGGATTTGGAAACTGACTAGTACCCCTTATGCTTGGCGCCCCCGATATAGCATTCCCTCGCATAAACAACATAAGCTTCTGGCTCCTCCCTCCCTCTTTCCTTCTTCTGCTTGCTTCCTCAGGAGTTGAAGCCGGGGCCGGAACAGGCTGAACTGTATATCCCCCACTGTCTGGAAACCTAGCCCATGCAGGAGCATCCGTGGACTTAACTATTTTCTCCCTCCACCTGGCAGGTGTTTCATCAATCCTGGGAGCAATCAACTTTATCACTACCATTATTAACATGAAACCCCCTGCCATCACACAGTATCAAACCCCTCTATTTGTTTGAGCTGTCCTAATTACTGCTGTTCTTCTTCTCCTCTCTCTCCCAGTACTAGCTGCCGGTATTACTATGCTCTTAACGGACCGAAATCTAAATACTACCTTCTTTGATCCAGCAGGGGGAGGAGATCCAATTCTCTACCAACACCT
-- end --

Download FASTA File
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Amphiprion clarkii

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 4
Specimens with Barcodes: 11
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Genomic DNA is available from 2 specimens with morphological vouchers housed at University of the Ryukyus
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Conservation

Threats

Not Evaluated
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems

Benefits

Importance

fisheries: subsistence fisheries; aquarium: commercial
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Wikipedia

Clark's anemonefish

Amphiprion clarkii, known also as Clark's anemonefish or Yellowtail clownfish, is a Marine fish belonging to the family Pomacentridae which gathers clownfishes and damselfishes[1].

Contents

Description [edit]

Clark's Anemonefish is a small sized fish which grows up to 15cm. Its body has a stock appearance, oval shape, compressed laterally and with a round profile. It's a spectacularly colourful fish, with vivid black, white and yellow stripes, though the exact pattern shows considerable geographical variation. Usualy the body coloration is black on the dorsal area and orangey yellow on the ventral area and the black colour's proportion varies according to the animals and tends to extend with the age[2]. There are normally two vertical white bands, one behind the eye and one above the anus,the pelvic and caudal fin are orangey yellow,a white ring on the caudal peduncle. The snout is orange or orangey pink[3]. The tail fin may be white or yellow, but is always lighter than rest of the body[4]. All juveniles are orangey yellow with the caractéristics vertical white bands[5].

Distribution [edit]

Clark's anemonefish is a widely distributed in the tropical waters from the Indian Ocean to the western part of teh Pacific Ocean[6].


Habitat [edit]

Adults inhabit in lagoons and on outer reef slopes. It's able to live in association with the ten species of sea anemones which are hosting clownfishes:

Feeding [edit]

Clark's anemonefish is omnivorous and its diet is based on zooplankton and algaes.[8] Clarke's Anemonefish are a popular aquarium species. They are omnivorous, and in the aquarium will readily eat brine shrimp.

Amphiprion clarkii sipadan.jpg

Behaviour [edit]

Amphiprion clarkii has a diurnal activity. It is protrandous hermaphrodite, which means the male can evolved to female during his life, and lives in harem in which an established dominance hierarchy manages the group and keeps individuals at a specific social rank. It has also an aggressive territorial behaviour and it's completly dependant from its sea anemone which represents its "life insurance" as a safe shelter for the group and for the nest. The associative relationship that binds the clownfish and the sea anemone is called mutualism.In one hand, the fish can lives within the sea anemone's tentacles and uses it as a shelter because it has developped a fin layer of mucus which covers its body as a protection against the stinging anemone's tentacles. On the other hand, the presence of the clownfish can be interpreted as a lure to attract potential anemone's preys close to the tentacles. And the clownfish can also defend the anemone against some reef fishes which could eat the tentacles like butterflyfishes.[9]

References [edit]


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