Channa punctata — Details

Spotted Snakehead learn more about names for this taxon

Overview

Comprehensive Description

Biology

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Found in ponds, swamps, brackish water (Ref. 6028), ditches and beels (Ref. 1479). Adults prefer stagnant waters in muddy streams (Ref. 4833). Feed on worms, insects and small fish (Ref. 6028). Accept chopped fish and shrimp in the aquarium. Breed throughout the year. Mitochondrial hypertrophy, noted in the double cone of the retina of this species, is considered a basic process in oil droplet formation (Ref. 10557) believed to be an adaptation for enhanced visual contrast detection in turbid waters (Ref. 10407). Used as live bait for angling larger snakeheads.

Pethiyagoda, R. 1991 Freshwater fishes of Sri Lanka. The Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka, Colombo. 362 p. (Ref. 6028) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=6028&speccode=61467

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Distribution

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Asia: Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Yunnan in China.

Talwar, P.K. and A.G. Jhingran 1991 Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. Volume 2. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. (Ref. 4833) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4833&speccode=4592

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Range Description

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The species is recorded from Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Myanmar (western Rakhine Yoma only). A record from Yunnan (China) is doubtful, and the species is possibly present in Bhutan.

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Southern Asia: Afganistan, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia and China; introduced elsewhere.

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Physical Description

Size

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Maximum size: 310 mm ---

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Max. size

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31.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 4833))

Talwar, P.K. and A.G. Jhingran 1991 Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. Volume 2. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. (Ref. 4833) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=4833&speccode=4592

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Ecology

Habitat

Indus River Benthopelagic Habitat

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This taxon is one of a number of benthopelagic species in the Indus River system. Benthopelagic fish inhabit the water column niche immediately above the bottom, feeding on benthos and zooplankton. Water quality issues in the Indus River habitat have historically been dominated by sediment loading in a watershed which is subject to high natural erosivity, and early disturbance by sedentary agriculture on the floodplains and valleys, which disturbances began in prehistory and continue to the present time. Major tributaries of the Indus rise in the Himalayan Mountains and the Hindu Kush; these influent rivers include the Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi and Sutlej. The Indus mainstem rises on the Tibetan Plateau and flows generally westward.

The Green Revolution has exacerbated water pollution by considerable additions of nitrate to promote crop growth. Other aggravating factors have included increasing amounts of herbicides and pesticides, as pressures to increase crop production expand. Flow of the perennial Indus is dominated by: (a) meltwaters from the Tibetan icefield, the third largest ice sheet formation in the world; (b) snowfall and snowmelt from higher elevation of the watershed; and (c) episodic monsoonal rains that lead to periodic flooding in the Indus River basin.

There are several high trophic level native benthopelagic freshwater fish taxa found in the Indus River system including: the 70 cm scaly osman (Diptychus maculatus), the 30 cm reba (Bangana ariza), the 30 cm Indus snowtrout (Ptychobarbus conirostris), the 30 cm Kunar snowtrout (Schizothorax labiatus), the 35 cm false osman (Schizopygopsis stoliczkai), the 47 cm Chirruh snowtrout (Schizothorax esocinus), and the 40 cm Sattar snowtrout (Schizopyge curvifrons)..

C.Michael Hogan. 2012. Indus River. Eds. P.Saundry & C.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC http://www.eoearth.org/article/Indus_River
Fishbase. 2010. Fish species in the Indus River Basin http://www.fishbase.org/trophiceco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=34

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Environment

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benthopelagic; potamodromous (Ref. 51243); freshwater; brackish

Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=51243&speccode=4683

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Habitat and Ecology

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Habitat and Ecology

Inhabits freshwater streams, rivers, ponds and tanks, generally in the plains. Also found in rice fields and irrigation channels.

Systems

Freshwater

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Depth range based on 2 specimens in 1 taxon.

Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): 1 - 1

Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.

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Migration

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Potamodromous. Migrating within streams, migratory in rivers, e.g. Saliminus, Moxostoma, Labeo. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.

Riede, K. 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p. (Ref. 51243) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=51243&speccode=4683

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Diseases and Parasites

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Trichodinosis. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Procamallanus Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Phyllodistomum Infestation 4. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Philopinna Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Pallisentis Infestation 5. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Pallisentis Infestation 4. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Pallisentis Infestation 2. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Pallisentis Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Palaeorchis Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Neopecoelina Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Neopecoelina Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Neocamallanus Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Neocamallanus Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Isoparorchis Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Genarchopsis Infestation 6. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Genarchopsis Infestation 5. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Genarchopsis Infestation 3. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Genarchopsis Infestation 1. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Eucreadium Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Euclinostomum Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Euclinostomum Infestation 2. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Contracaecum Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Camallanus Infection 11. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Ascaris Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Ascaridia Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Anchor worm Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Anchistrocephalus Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Allocreadium Infestation 1. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Arthur, J.R. and A.B.A. Ahmed 2002 Checklist of the parasites of fishes of Bangladesh. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper (T369/1), 77 p. (Ref. 42533) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=42533&speccode=10132

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Life History and Behavior

Life Cycle

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Spawning usually takes place at night in shallow water with a silty substrate. Eggs are laid in nests through elaborate tunnels in vegetated areas which look like vertical columns of water with the eggs floating in the center (Ref. 205). The male and female move towards the center of the nest during spawning where the male entwines his body to the female moving upward while releasing the eggs to be fertilised (Ref. 45309). Eggs are guarded by one or both parents. Hatching takes place in a day (Ref. 6028).

Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p. (Ref. 205) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=205&speccode=1256

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Molecular Biology and Genetics

Molecular Biology

Barcode data: Channa punctata

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The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.

There are 4 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.

CTCTATCTTGTATTTGGTGCTTGAGCCGGAATAGTAGGCACAGCTCTA---AGCCTTCTAATTCGAGCAGAACTTAGCCAGCCCGGCGCTCTTCTAGGTGAC---GACCAGATTTATAATGTAATCGTCACAGCACACGCCTTTGTAATAATTTTCTTCATGGTTATGCCAATAATAATTGGGGGATTTGGTAATTGACTAGTCCCTTTAATA---ATTGGCGCCCCCGACATAGCCTTCCCCCGAATGAACAACATAAGCTTCTGACTCCTTCCCCCTTCTTTTCTCTTACTACTGGCCTCTTCCGCAGTTGAAGCTGGGGCCGGAACCGGATGGACAGTTTACCCACCTCTAGCCAGCAATCTAGCCCACGCAGGGGCCTCTGTAGACTTA---ACCATCTTCTCATTACACCTTGCAGGTGTCTCCTCTATTTTAGGAGCCATCAACTTCATTACAACGATTATTAACATGAAACCCCCTGCCATCTCTCAGTACCAAACTCCCTTATTTGTGTGAGCTATTTTAATTACAGCCGTACTTCTCCTTCTGTCCCTTCCAGTCTTAGCCGCC---GGGATCACAATATTGCTCACCGACCGAAACCTAAACACCACCTTCTTTGACCCCGCTGGCGGAGGAGACCCCCTTCTCTACCAACACCTA
-- end --

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Channa punctata

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Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 14
Specimens with Barcodes: 20
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Barcode data: Channa sp.

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The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.

No available public DNA sequences.

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Channa sp.

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Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 11
Specimens with Barcodes: 17
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Conservation

Conservation Status

IUCN Red List Assessment

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Red List Category

LC

Least Concern

Red List Criteria

Version

3.1

Year Assessed

2010

Assessor/s

Chaudhry, S.

Reviewer/s

Britz, R., Dey, S.C., Jha, B.R., Vishwanath, W. & Allen, D.

Contributor/s

Molur, S.

Justification

Channa punctata is a widespread species with no known major widespread threats, and no evidence as yet that it is a species complex. The species is assessed as Least Concern.

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Trends

Population

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Population

The species is a prolific breeder and rapid developments; breeds in ponds almost throughout the year by building circular nets between marginal weeds; peak breeding before and during monsoon months.

Population Trend

Unknown

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Threats

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Least Concern (LC)

IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006. http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=57073

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Major Threats

The threats to the species are not known.

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Management

Conservation Actions

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Conservation Actions

Widely distributed species with little information on population, trends, and threats. Research on these aspects are recommended.

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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems

Benefits

Importance

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fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: commercial; aquarium: commercial; bait: occasionally

Garibaldi, L. 1996 List of animal species used in aquaculture. FAO Fish. Circ. 914. 38 p. (Ref. 12108) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=12108&speccode=4683
Pethiyagoda, R. 1991 Freshwater fishes of Sri Lanka. The Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka, Colombo. 362 p. (Ref. 6028) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=6028&speccode=61467
Baensch, H.A. and R. Riehl 1991 Aquarien atlas. Bd. 3. Melle: Mergus, Verlag für Natur-und Heimtierkunde, Germany. 1104 p. (Ref. 2059) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=2059&speccode=275

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