Decapterus macarellus — Details

Mackerel Scad learn more about names for this taxon

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Overview

Comprehensive Description

Biology

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Prefer clear oceanic waters, frequently around islands (Ref. 5217). Sometimes near the surface, but generally caught between 40 and 200 m depth (Ref. 9283). Pelagic (Ref. 58302). Usually seen as fast moving schools along the reef edges near deep water (Ref. 48635, 26235). Feed mainly on zooplankton (Ref. 9283). Eggs are pelagic (Ref. 4233). Marketed fresh and salted or dried (Ref. 9283).
  • Smith-Vaniz, W.F. 1995 Carangidae. Jureles, pámpanos, cojinúas, zapateros, cocineros, casabes, macarelas, chicharros, jorobados, medregales, pez pilota. p. 940-986. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9283)   http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=9283&speccode=1915 External link.
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Description

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Common names: scad (English), macarela (Espanol), caballa (Espanol)
 
Decapterus macarellus (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1833)


Mackerel scad



Elongate, slender, cylindrical; eye covered with adipose eyelid except for central slit; top and rear end of upper jaw straight, lower corner angular; front of shoulder that meets gill chamber with 2 moderate sized papillae; gill rakers (including rudiments) 10-13 + 34-41; dorsal rays VIII+I, 31-37 (including detached rear finlet); anal rays II+I, 27-31 (including detached rear finlet); pectoral fin 58-72% of head length; lateral line with long, low arch anteriorly; scales in straight part of lateral line 24-30, followed by 28-33 scutes, total scales and scutes in lateral line (excluding caudal scales) 110-138; branches of lateral line extending onto nape only; scales on top of head usually extend forward to level of at least anterior margin of pupil .


Bluish green on back, silvery below; membrane at front of roof of mouth white; a small black blotch on margin of gill cover near upper edge; caudal fin yellow green.

Size: grows to 44 cm.

Habitat: pelagic, mainly in oceanic waters.

Depth: 0-200 m.

Worldwide in tropical seas; in our region the tip of Baja and the mouth of the Gulf of California, Costa Rica to Chile and the offshore islands.

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Distribution

Distribution

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Nova Scotia and Bermuda to Brazil
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Distribution

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Azores Exclusive Economic Zone, Cargados Carajos, Eritrea, European waters (ERMS scope), Gulf of Maine, Gulf of Mexico, Mauritius, Mozambique, North West Atlantic, Red Sea, Reunion, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa (country), Tanzania
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Warm parts of the Atlantic, rarely straying northward to the Gulf of Maine and to Nova Scotia.
  • Bigelow, H. B. and Schroeder, W. C., 1953; Smith-Vaniz, W. F., 1995; Coupal, L., E. B?rd, C. Peguero and I. S. Durante, 1992; Cervigón, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A. J. Lemus, R. Márquez, J. M. Poutiers, G. Robaina and B. Rodriguez, 1992; Whiteheat, P. J. P., Bauchot, M. L., Hureau, J. C., Nielsen, J., Tortonese, E., 1984.
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Depth

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Depth Range (m): 0 (S) - 200 (S)
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Zoogeography

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See Map (including site records) of Distribution in the Tropical Eastern Pacific


 
Global Endemism: All species, TEP non-endemic, Circumtropical ( Indian + Pacific + Atlantic Oceans), "Transpacific" (East + Central &/or West Pacific), All Pacific (West + Central + East), East Pacific + Atlantic (East +/or West), Transisthmian (East Pacific + Atlantic of Central America), East Pacific + all Atlantic (East+West)

Regional Endemism: All species, Eastern Pacific non-endemic, Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) non-endemic, Continent + Island (s), Continent, Island (s)

Residency: Resident

Climate Zone: Northern Subtropical (Cortez Province + Sinaloan Gap), Northern Tropical (Mexican Province to Nicaragua + Revillagigedos), Equatorial (Costa Rica to Ecuador + Galapagos, Clipperton, Cocos, Malpelo), South Temperate (Peruvian Province )

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Circumglobal. Western Atlantic: Nova Scotia, Canada and Bermuda to approximately Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Ref. 57756). Appears to be absent from the Gulf of Mexico (Ref. 9626). Eastern Atlantic: St. Helena, Ascension, Cape Verde, and Gulf of Guinea (Ref. 7097); Azores and Madeira (Ref. 4233). Indian Ocean: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Seychelles, Mascarenes, South Africa, and Sri Lanka (Ref. 3287). Eastern Pacific: Gulf of California and Revillagigedo Island to Ecuador (Ref. 9283).
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Physical Description

Morphology

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Dorsal spines (total): 9; Dorsal soft rays (total): 31 - 36; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 27 - 30
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Size

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Length max (cm): 44.0 (S)
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Size

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Maximum size: 400 mm FL
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to 40.0 cm FL (male/unsexed).
  • Bigelow, H. B. and Schroeder, W. C., 1953; Smith-Vaniz, W. F., 1995; Coupal, L., E. B?rd, C. Peguero and I. S. Durante, 1992; Cervigón, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A. J. Lemus, R. Márquez, J. M. Poutiers, G. Robaina and B. Rodriguez, 1992; Whiteheat, P. J. P., Bauchot, M. L., Hureau, J. C., Nielsen, J., Tortonese, E., 1984.
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Max. size

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46.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 55763))
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Diagnostic Description

Description

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Forms schools in mid-waters of deep lagoons, coastal bays, or offshore waters and generally stays away from coral reefs. Sometimes encountered near the surface. Feeds on zooplankton. Marketed fresh and salted/dried (Ref. 9283).
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Body elongate, slender, and somewhat circular in cross section; posterior edge of upper jaw straight dorsally, moderately rounded and oblique ventrally; edge of shoulder girdle (cleithrum) with two small papillae, the lower one larger; dorsal and anal fins each followed by a separate finlet; black metallic blue green; belly is silvery white; dorsal edge of operculum with a small black mark (Ref. 55763). Bluish green above, silvery below; yellow-green caudal fin; small black opercular spot (Ref. 3197). No dark dots on lateral line; caudal fin reddish (Ref. 13442).
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Type Information

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Holotype for Decapterus canonoides
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Fishes
Preparation: Photograph; Illustration; Radiograph
Collector(s): D. Wood
Locality: Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii, United States, Hawaiian Islands, Pacific
  • Holotype:
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Ecology

Habitat

Habitat

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nektonic
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Habitat

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Found in clear oceanic waters, sometimes near surface, but more often between depths of 40 and 200 m.
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Habitat

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Known from seamounts and knolls
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Depth range based on 344 specimens in 1 taxon.
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 197 samples.

Environmental ranges
  Depth range (m): 0 - 1936
  Temperature range (°C): 3.468 - 27.716
  Nitrate (umol/L): 0.156 - 21.935
  Salinity (PPS): 32.397 - 36.622
  Oxygen (ml/l): 3.440 - 6.835
  Phosphate (umol/l): 0.034 - 1.415
  Silicate (umol/l): 0.829 - 15.017

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0 - 1936

Temperature range (°C): 3.468 - 27.716

Nitrate (umol/L): 0.156 - 21.935

Salinity (PPS): 32.397 - 36.622

Oxygen (ml/l): 3.440 - 6.835

Phosphate (umol/l): 0.034 - 1.415

Silicate (umol/l): 0.829 - 15.017
 
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
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Depth: 0 - 200m.
Recorded at 200 meters.

Habitat: pelagic.
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Pelagic; marine. depth range; 0-200 m. Prefers clear oceanic waters, frequently around islands. Sometimes near the surface, but generally caught between 40 and 200 m. depth. Forms schools.
  • Bigelow, H. B. and Schroeder, W. C., 1953; Smith-Vaniz, W. F., 1995; Coupal, L., E. B?rd, C. Peguero and I. S. Durante, 1992; Cervigón, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A. J. Lemus, R. Márquez, J. M. Poutiers, G. Robaina and B. Rodriguez, 1992; Whiteheat, P. J. P., Bauchot, M. L., Hureau, J. C., Nielsen, J., Tortonese, E., 1984.
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Habitat

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Salinity: Marine, Marine Only

Inshore/Offshore: Offshore Only, Offshore

Water Column Position: Surface, Near Surface, Mid Water, Water column only

Habitat: Water column

FishBase Habitat: Pelagic
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Environment

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pelagic-oceanic; marine; depth range 0 - 400 m (Ref. 58302), usually 40 - 200 m (Ref. 3197)
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Trophic Strategy

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Occurs in the continental shelf (Ref. 7300). Prefer clear oceanic waters, frequently around islands (Ref. 5217). Sometimes near the surface, but generally caught between 40 and 200 m depth (Ref. 9283). Pelagic (Ref. 58302). Usually seen as fast moving schools along the reef edges near deep water (Ref. 26235, 48635). Feed mainly on zooplankton (Ref. 9283); and feeds during the day and at night.
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Feeds mainly on zooplankton.
  • Bigelow, H. B. and Schroeder, W. C., 1953; Smith-Vaniz, W. F., 1995; Coupal, L., E. B?rd, C. Peguero and I. S. Durante, 1992; Cervigón, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A. J. Lemus, R. Márquez, J. M. Poutiers, G. Robaina and B. Rodriguez, 1992; Whiteheat, P. J. P., Bauchot, M. L., Hureau, J. C., Nielsen, J., Tortonese, E., 1984.
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Feeding

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Feeding Group: Planktivore

Diet: zooplankton, pelagic fish eggs, pelagic fish larvae
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Life History and Behavior

Reproduction

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Pelagic eggs and spawning generally occurs during the summer.
  • Bigelow, H. B. and Schroeder, W. C., 1953; Smith-Vaniz, W. F., 1995; Coupal, L., E. B?rd, C. Peguero and I. S. Durante, 1992; Cervigón, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A. J. Lemus, R. Márquez, J. M. Poutiers, G. Robaina and B. Rodriguez, 1992; Whiteheat, P. J. P., Bauchot, M. L., Hureau, J. C., Nielsen, J., Tortonese, E., 1984.
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Reproduction

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Egg Type: Pelagic, Pelagic larva
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Molecular Biology and Genetics

Molecular Biology

Barcode data: Decapterus macarellus

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The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. 

 
There are 3 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank.  Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species.  See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
 
MBFA834-07|MBIO1408.4|Decapterus macarellus| ---------------------------------------ACCCTATATCTGGTATTTGGTGCTTGAGCTGGAATAGTCGGTACAGCCTTA---AGCTTACTTATTCGAGCAGAACTAAGCCAACCTGGCGCTCTTTTAGGAGAC---GACCAAATTTACAACGTAATTGTTACTGCCCACGCGTTTGTAATAATTTTCTTTATAGTAATGCCAATTATGATCGGGGGGTTCGGAAACTGACTCATTCCTCTGATG---ATTGGGGCCCCTGACATAGCATTCCCCCGAATGAACAACATGAGCTTCTGACTCCTTCCTCCCTCCTTCCTTCTACTTTTAGCTTCATCAGGAGTTGAAGCAGGAGCCGGGACTGGTTGAACTGTTTACCCTCCCCTAGCCGGCAACCTTGCTCACGCCGGGGCATCCGTAGATCTA---ACCATTTTCTCCCTTCACCTAGCCGGTGTCTCATCTATTCTAGGGGCTATTAACTTTATTACCACTATTATTAACATGAAACCTCCAGCAGTCTCAATATACCAAATTCCACTATTCGTATGAGCCGTCCTAATTACAGCCGTCCTTCTACTTTTATCCCTACCAGTACTAGCTGCC---GGTATTACAATACTCCTAACCGATCGAAACTTAAATACAGCCTTCTTCGACCCTGCGGGCGGTGGAGACCCA------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
-- end --

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Decapterus macarellus

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Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 3
Species: 15
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Conservation

Conservation Status

Conservation status

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IUCN Red List: Not evaluated / Listed

CITES: Not listed
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Threats

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Not Evaluated
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems

Benefits

Importance

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fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes; bait: usually
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Wikipedia

Mackerel scad

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The Mackerel scad, Decapterus macarellus, is a species of fish of the family, Carangidae. While Mackerel scad are considered gamefish, they are usually used as bait.[1]

Contents

Description

The largest mackerel scad recorded was 46 cm long.[2] They have elongated bodies that look somewhat circular when viewed head on.[1] They are distinguishable by a small, detached fin, located between the dorsal and caudal fins.[3] Mackerel scad have 9 spines and 31-36 rays on their dorsal fins, while there are 7 spines and 27-30 ray's on their anal fins.[1]

The mackerel scad's fins are black metallic to blue green and its belly is white.[1] The edge of the operculum has a small, black spot,[4] while there are no spots on the lateral line.[5] Mackerel scad's caudal fins have been described as reddish [5] to yellow-green.[4]

Distribution and habitat

The mackerel scad's range covers most of the world's oceans. In the western Atlantic, they have been found off Nova Scotia and Bermuda, south to Rio de Janeiro,[6] although they do not seem common in the Gulf of Mexico.[7] In the eastern Atlantic, mackerel scad have been found off St. Helena, Ascension island, and Cape Verde.[8] They have also been recorded in the Gulf of Guinea,[8] The Azores, and Madeira.[9] In the Indian ocean, mackerel scad have been found in the Red sea and the Gulf of Aden they are also known from South Africa, the Mascarenes, the Seychelles, and Sri Lanka.[10] In the eastern Pacific, they are known from Revillagigedo Island, the Gulf of California, and the coast of Ecuador.[11]

Mackerel scad usually live in sub-tropical seas at depths up to 400 m.[1] They prefer clear water, and are frequently found around islands.[12] Although mackerel scad have been found at the surface, they are usually caught at depths between 40 and 200 meters. They feed mainly on zooplankton.[13]

Relationship with humans

Mackerel scad are fairly important both to fisheries and to sportfishing.[1] They can be used as food, but are known to carry ciguatera,[14] and are more often used as bait, since large gamefish such as the Blue-spotted Grouper, Giant trevally, and the Onespot snapper are all known to feed on them.[15][16]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Fishbase.org entry on Mackerel scad". http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=992. Retrieved 2008-08-20. 
  2. ^ Jiménez Prado, P. & P. Béarez, 2004. Peces Marinos del Ecuador continental. Tomo 2: Guía de Especies / Marine fishes of continental Ecuador. Volume 2: Species Guide. SIMBIOE/NAZCA/IFEA
  3. ^ "GMA.org entry on Mackerel scad". http://www.gma.org/fogm/Decapterus_macarellus.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-20. 
  4. ^ a b Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1986. Carangidae. p. 638-661. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
  5. ^ a b Randall, J.E. 1996 Caribbean reef fishes. Third edition - revised and enlarged. T.F.H. Publications, Inc. Ltd., Hong Kong. 3rd ed. 368 p.
  6. ^ Floeter, S.R., J.L. Gasparini, L.A. Rocha, C.E.L. Ferreira, C.A. Rangel and B.M. Feitoza, 2003. Brazilian reef fish fauna: checklist and remarks (updated Jan. 2003). Brazilian Reef Fish Project: www.brazilianreeffish.cjb.net.
  7. ^ Cervigón, F. 1993 Los peces marinos de Venezuela. Volume 2. Fundación Científica Los Roques, Caracas,Venezuela. 497 p.
  8. ^ a b Smith-Vaniz, W.F., J.C. Quéro and M. Desoutter, 1990. Carangidae. p. 729-755. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2.
  9. ^ Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1986. Carangidae. p. 815-844. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. vol. 2.
  10. ^ Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1984. Carangidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean fishing area 51. Vol. 1. [pag. var.]. FAO, Rome.
  11. ^ Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1995. Carangidae. Jureles, pámpanos, cojinúas, zapateros, cocineros, casabes, macarelas, chicharros, jorobados, medregales, pez pilota. p. 940-986. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome.
  12. ^ Cervigón, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A.J. Lemus, R. Márquez, J.M. Poutiers, G. Robaina and B. Rodriguez, 1992. Fichas FAO de identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca. Guía de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aquas salobres de la costa septentrional de Sur América. FAO, Rome. 513 p. Preparado con el financiamento de la Comisión de Comunidades Europeas y de NORAD.
  13. ^ Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1995. Carangidae. Jureles, pàmpanos, cojinùas, zapateros, cocineros, casabes, macarelas, chicharros, jorobados, medregales, pez pilota. p. 940-986. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome.
  14. ^ Coupal, L., E. Bédard, C. Peguero and I.S. Durante 1992 Repertorio ictionímici de la República Dominicana. Fáscículo I : Acanthuridae - Carangidae. LIRD.
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  16. ^ Sudekum, A.E., J.D. Parrish, R.L. Radtke and S. Ralston, 1991
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