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Overview
Brief Summary
Biology
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UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1318
© WoRMS for SMEBD
Source:
World Register of Marine Species
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Comprehensive Description
Biology: Skeleton
| Author | Skeleton? | Mineral or Organic? | Mineral | Percent Magnesium |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boshoff, 1981 | YES | MINERAL | ARAGONITE | |
| Verrill, 1905 | YES | MINERAL | ARAGONITE | |
| Veron, 2000 | YES | MINERAL | ARAGONITE | |
| Cairns, Hoeksema, and van der Land, 1999 | YES | MINERAL | ARAGONITE | |
| den Hartog, 1980 | YES | MINERAL | ARAGONITE |
© Hexacorallians of the World
Source:
Hexacorallians of the World
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Distribution
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UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1318
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Sheppard, C.R.C. (1987). [Pichon]
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=5879
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Sheppard, C.R.C. (1987). [Best; Boshof]
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=5878
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Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas.
http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=sourcedetails&id=145245
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Miloslavich P, Díaz JM, Klein E, Alvarado JJ, Díaz C, et al. (2010) Marine Biodiversity in the Caribbean: Regional Estimates and Distribution Patterns. PLoS ONE 5(8): e11916. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011916
http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=sourcedetails&id=145466
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Nunes FLD, Norris RD, Knowlton N. (2011). Long Distance Dispersal and Connectivity in Amphi-Atlantic Corals at Regional and Basin Scales. PLoS ONE 6(7): e22298.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=162909
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Jones, JM. 1868. Contributions to the natural history of the Bermudas. Coralliaria. Trans Nova Scotia Inst Nat Sci. Vol.2, Part 2:7-16
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=164465
© WoRMS for SMEBD
Source:
World Register of Marine Species
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Range Description
© International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
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IUCN
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Ecology
Habitat
Habitat and Ecology
Systems
- Marine
© International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
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IUCN
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Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 866 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): -0.5 - 99.875
Temperature range (°C): 19.819 - 28.067
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.115 - 8.028
Salinity (PPS): 35.179 - 36.533
Oxygen (ml/l): 3.986 - 4.746
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.020 - 0.379
Silicate (umol/l): 0.866 - 4.727
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): -0.5 - 99.875
Temperature range (°C): 19.819 - 28.067
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.115 - 8.028
Salinity (PPS): 35.179 - 36.533
Oxygen (ml/l): 3.986 - 4.746
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.020 - 0.379
Silicate (umol/l): 0.866 - 4.727
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Siderastrea radians
There are 3 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
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Download FASTA File
© Barcode of Life Data Systems
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Siderastrea radians
Public Records: 3
Specimens with Barcodes: 5
Species With Barcodes: 1
© Barcode of Life Data Systems
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© Ocean Genome Legacy
Source:
Ocean Genome Resource
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Conservation
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Version
Year Assessed
Assessor/s
Reviewer/s
Contributor/s
Justification
© International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
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IUCN
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Trends
Population
There is no species specific population information available for this species. However, there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined, and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species. This species is more resilient to some of the threats faced by corals and therefore population decline is estimated using the percentage of destroyed reefs only (Wilkinson 2004). We assume that most, if not all, mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average, the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage of destroyed reefs. Reef losses throughout the species' range have been estimated over three generations, two in the past and one projected into the future.
The age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years (Wallace 1999) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years. Furthermore, based on average sizes and growth rates, we assume that average generation length is 10 years, unless otherwise stated. Total longevity is not known, but likely to be more than ten years. Therefore any population decline rates for the Red List assessment are measured over at least 30 years. Follow the link below for further details on population decline and generation length estimates.
Population Trend
© International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
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IUCN
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Threats
In general, the major threat to corals is global climate change, in particular, temperature extremes leading to bleaching and increased susceptibility to disease, increased severity of ENSO events and storms, and ocean acidification. In addition to global climate change, corals are also threatened by disease and a number of localized threats. The severity of these combined threats to the global population of each individual species is not known.
Coral disease has emerged as a serious threat to coral reefs worldwide and is a major cause of reef deterioration (Weil et al. 2006). The numbers of diseases and coral species affected, as well as the distribution of diseases have all increased dramatically within the last decade (Porter et al. 2001, Green and Bruckner 2000, Sutherland et al. 2004, Weil 2004). Coral disease epizootics have resulted in significant losses of coral cover and were implicated in the dramatic decline of acroporids in the Florida Keys (Aronson and Precht 2001, Porter et al. 2001, Patterson et al. 2002). In the Indo-Pacific, disease is also on the rise with disease outbreaks recently reported from the Great Barrier Reef (Willis et al. 2004), Marshall Islands (Jacobson 2006) and the northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Aeby 2006). Increased coral disease levels on the Great Barrier Reef were correlated with increased ocean temperatures (Willis et al. 2007) supporting the prediction that disease levels will be increasing with higher sea surface temperatures. Escalating anthropogenic stressors combined with the threats associated with global climate change of increases in coral disease, frequency and duration of coral bleaching and ocean acidification place coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific at high risk of collapse.
Localized threats to corals include fisheries, human development (industry, settlement, tourism, and transportation), changes in native species dynamics (competitors, predators, pathogens and parasites), invasive species (competitors, predators, pathogens and parasites), dynamite fishing, chemical fishing, pollution from agriculture and industry, domestic pollution, sedimentation, and human recreation and tourism activities.
© International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Source:
IUCN
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Management
Conservation Actions
Parts of this species distribution fall within several Marine Protected Areas within its range. In the US, it is present in many MPAs, including Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, Biscayne N.P., Dry Tortugas National Park, and Buck Island Reef National Monument. Also present in Hol Chan Marine Reserve (Belize), Exuma Cays Land and Sea Park (Bahamas).
Recommended measures for conserving this species include research in taxonomy, population, abundance and trends, ecology and habitat status, threats and resilience to threats, restoration action; identification, establishment and management of new protected areas; expansion of protected areas; recovery management; and disease, pathogen and parasite management. Artificial propagation and techniques such as cryo-preservation of gametes may become important for conserving coral biodiversity.
Having timely access to national-level trade data for CITES analysis reports would be valuable for monitoring trends this species. The species is targeted by collectors for the aquarium trade and fisheries management is required for the species, e.g., Marine Protected Areas, quotas, size limits, etc. Consideration of the suitability of species for aquaria should also be included as part of fisheries management, and population surveys should be carried out to monitor the effects of harvesting.
© International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Source:
IUCN
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Wikipedia
Siderastrea radians
Siderastrea radians, the lesser starlet coral or the shallow-water starlet coral, is a stony coral in the family Siderastreidae. It is found in shallow parts of the western Atlantic Ocean as small, solid mounds or encrusting sheets.
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Description
The lesser starlet coral is either encrusting or grows in small, dimpled hummocks up to 30 centimetres (12 in) across but most colonies are much smaller than this.[2] Occasionally it occurs as small calcareous pebbles that roll around in seagrass meadows or as loose flat discs in shallow rocky places.[3] The corallites are not circular but are triangular or four-sided and deep, with 30 to 40 small ridges called septa.[2] They have a dark interior that contrasts in colour with the pale surface of the coral which is greyish, greenish or light brown.[4] The polyps are retracted back into these corallites during the day but emerge at night, extending their tentacles to feed. Each of these has a small knob of stinging cnidocytes at its tip. The lesser starlet coral can be confused with the closely related massive starlet coral (Siderastrea siderea) but that usually grows at greater depths, is larger and has less deep, more rounded corallites, each with 50 to 60 septa.[2]
Distribution and habitat
The lesser starlet coral is common in tropical parts of the western Atlantic Ocean at depths of less than 25 metres (82 ft) but is most common in under 10 metres (33 ft) of water. Its range extends from Bermuda, the Bahamas, Florida and the Caribbean Sea south to Brazil and it also occurs in the eastern Atlantic off the coast of Africa. It is found on rocks in various reef habitats and can tolerate silty environments and tide pools.[2] It is an adaptable species and in the Indian River Lagoon it has been found to tolerate temperatures varying between 13 °C (55 °F) and 31 °C (88 °F) and a wide range of salinities.[4]
Biology
The lesser starlet coral feeds at night on zooplankton which it catches with its tentacles.[5] During the day it benefits from the symbiotic zooxanthellae[1] that are found in the coenenchyme, the thin layer of living tissue that links the polyps and covers the surface of the skeletal tissue. These unicellular algae live within the host's cells and produce carbohydrates by photosynthesis and the coral makes use of these.[5]
The sexes are separate in the lesser starlet coral. Each of the twenty-eight ovaries in a female polyp produces a flattened oval egg. Spawning takes place all through the year but may be related to the phase of the moon. Well developed planula larvae have been found being brooded inside female polyps shortly before the full moon.[4]
Growth rates of the lesser starlet coral are low but, because of its great tolerance to an increase in sediment levels and to elevated temperatures, it is an important species for maintaining and restoring damaged reefs and may be useful for this purpose if sea temperatures continue to rise.[6]
References
- ^ a b van der Land, Jacob (2012). "Siderastrea radians (Pallas)". World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=207517. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
- ^ a b c d Colin, Patrick L. (1978). Marine Invertebrates and Plants of the Living Reef. T.F.H. Publications. p. 235. ISBN 0-86622-875-6.
- ^ "Shallow-water starlet coral (Siderastrea radians)". Interactive Guide to Caribbean Diving. Marine Species Identification Portal. http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=caribbean_diving_guide&id=333. Retrieved 2012-07-13.
- ^ a b c Dineen, J.. "Siderastrea radians (Lesser Starlet Coral)". Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce. http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/sidera_radian.htm. Retrieved 2012-07-13.
- ^ a b Colin, Patrick L. (1978). Marine Invertebrates and Plants of the Living Reef. T.F.H. Publications. pp. 206–210. ISBN 0-86622-875-6.
- ^ Cody, Tim (2006). Distribution, population dynamics and growth of the scleractinian coral Siderastrea radians in Bermuda. Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences. pp. 1–17.
Source:
Wikipedia
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