The following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners. There may be duplication.

References

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• Barnes, R. 1987. Invertebrate Zoology. Orlando, Florida: Dryden Press.
• Belyaev, G. M. 1990. Is it valid to isolate the genus Xyloplax as an independent class of echinoderms? Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 69:83-96.
• Blake, D. B. 1982. Recognition of higher taxa and phylogeny of the Asteroidea. pp. 105-107. in: International Echinoderm Conference, Tampa Bay. J. M. Lawrence, ed. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
• Blake, D. B. 1987. A classification and phylogeny of post-Paleozoic sea stars (Asteroidea: Echinodermata). Journal of Natural History 21:481-528.
• Blake, D. B. 1989. Asteroidea: Functional morphology, classification and phylogeny. pp.179-223. in: Echinoderm Studies Vol.3. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
• Blake, D. B. 1998. Morphological characters of early asteroids and ophiuroids. pp. 5-8. in: Echinoderms: San Francisco. Proceedings of the Ninth International Echinoderm Conference. R. Mooi and M. Telford, eds. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
• Blake, D. B. 2000. The class Asteroidea (Echinodermata): Fossils and the base of the crown group. American Zoologist 40:316-325.
• Blake, D. B. and D. R. Elliott. 2003. Ossicular homologies, systematics and phylogenetic implications of certain North American Carboniferous asteroids (Echinodermata). Journal of Paleontology 77(3): 476-489.
• Blake, D. B. and H. Hagdorn. 2003. The Asteroidea (Echinodermata) of the Muschelkalk (Middle Triassic of Germany). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 77(1):23-58.
• Blake, D. B., A. Tintori and H. Hagdorn. 2000. A new, early crown-group asteroid (Echinodermata) from the Norian (Triassic) of Northern Italy. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 106(2):141-156.
• Brusca, R., G. Brusca. 2003. Invertebrates. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc..
• Brusca, Richard C., and Gary J. Brusca. 2002. Invertebrates, Second Edition. xx + 936
• C. A. Simenstad, J. A. Estes, K. W. Kenyon, Aleuts, sea otters, and alternate stable-state communities, Science 200:403-411, from p. 404 (1978).
• Canada's Aquatic Environments, 2002. "Asteroidea" (On-line). Invertebrates. Accessed January 26, 2005 at http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/inverts/diver/marine/echinodermata/astero.htm.
• Churchill, E. P. 1919. Oyster and the Oyster Industry of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts. Washington, DC : Government Printing Office. Report of the United States Commissioner of Fisheries, 1919; Plate VI-1
• Clark, A. M. 1977. Starfishes and related echinoderms. T. F: H. Publications, London.
• Clark, A. M. 1989. An index of names of recent Asteroidea: Part 1. Paxillosida and Notomyotida. Pp.225-347 in: Echinoderm Studies Vol. 3. M. Jangoux and J. M. Lawrence, eds. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
• Clark, A. M. 1993. An index of names of recent Asteroidea: Part 2. Valvatida. Pp.187-366 in: Echinoderm Studies Vol. 4. M. Jangoux and J. M. Lawrence, eds. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
• Clark, A. M. 1996. An index of names of recent Asteroidea: Part 3. Velatida and Spinulosida. Pp.183-250 in: Echinoderm Studies Vol. 5. M. Jangoux and J. M. Lawrence, eds. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
• Clark, A. M. and C. Mah. 2001. An index of names of recent Asteroidea: Part 4. Forcipulatida and Brisingida. Pp.229-347 in: Echinoderm Studies Vol. 6. M. Jangoux and J. M. Lawrence, eds. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
• Clark, A. M. and M. E. Downey. 1992. Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London.
• Clark, Ailsa M., and Maureen E. Downey. 1992. Starfishes of the Atlantic. xxvi + 794
• Dean, J. 1999. What makes and ophiuroid? A morphological study of the problematic Ordovician stelleroid Stenaster and the paleobiology of the earliest asteroids and ophiuroids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 126:225-250.
• Fautin D, Dalton P, Incze LS, Leong J-AC, Pautzke C, et al. 2010. An Overview of Marine Biodiversity in United States Waters. PLoS ONE 5(8): e11914. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011914
• Fell, H. B. 1963. The phylogeny of sea-stars. Philosophical Transactions B 246:381-435, 2 pls., 16 figs.
• Fisher, W. K. 1911. Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters. Part1: Phanerozonia and Spinulosa. Bulletin of the United States National Museum. 76. xiii + 420pp., 122 pls.
• Fisher, W. K. 1928. Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters. Part2: Forcipulata. Bulletin of the United States National Museum. 76:1-245, 81 pls..
• Fujikura K, Lindsay D, Kitazato H, Nishida S, Shirayama. 2010. Marine Biodiversity in Japanese Waters. PLoS ONE 5(8): e11836. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011836
• Gale, A. S. 1987. Phylogeny and classification of the Asteroidea (Echinodermata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 89:107-132.
• H.-M. D. de Blainville. 1830. Zoophytes. Dictionnaire de Sciences Naturelles 60:1-546
• Holder, Charles Frederick. 1892. Along the Florida Reef. New York City, NY : D. Appleton and Company; Page 243
• Hyman, L. H. 1955. The Invertebrates: Echinodermata. Volume IV. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York
• Janies, D. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships of extant echinoderm classes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79:1232-1250.
• Janies, D. and R. Mooi. 1999. Xyloplax is an asteroid. pp. 311-316. In: Echinoderm Research 1998. M. Candia Carnevali and F. Bonosoro, eds. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
• Knott, K. E. and G. A. Wray. 2000. Controversy and consensus in asteroid systematics: new insights to ordinal and familial relationships. American Zoologist 40:382-392.
• Lafay, B., A. B. Smith, and R. Christen. 1995. A combined morphological and molecular approach to the phylogeny of asteroids (Asteroidea: Echinodermata). Systematic Biology 44(2):190-208.
• Mah, C. L. 1998. Preliminary phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the Brisingida (Asteroidea). pp. 273-277. in: Echinoderms San Francisco: Proceedings of the Ninth International Echinoderm Conference. R. Mooi and M. Telford, eds. A.A. Balkema. Rotterdam.
• Mah, C. L. 2000. Preliminary phylogeny of the Forcipulatacean Asteroidea. American Zoologist 40:375-381.
• McKnight, D. G. 1975. Classification of somasteroids and asteroids (Asterozoa: Echinodermata). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 5:13-19.
• Mooi, R. and B. David. 1997. Skeletal homologies of echinoderms. The Paleontological Society Papers 3:305-335.
• Mooi, R. and B. David. 2000. What a new model of skeletal homologies tells us about asteroid evolution. American Zoologist 40:326-339.
• Mooi, R., F. W. E. Rowe and B. David. 1998. Application of a theory of axial and extraxial skeletal homologies to concentricycloid morphology. pp. 61-62. in: Echinoderms San Francisco: Proceedings of the Ninth International Echinoderm Conference. R. Mooi and M. Telford, eds. A.A. Balkema. Rotterdam.
• Moran, P. J. 1988. The Acanthaster phenomenon. Australian Institute of Marine Science Monograph Series Vol. 7. 78 p.
• Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed February 16, 2011 at http://animaldiversity.org. http://www.animaldiversity.org
• Opitz S (1996) Trophic interactions in Caribbean coral reefs. ICLARM Tech Rep 43, Manila, Philippines
• Paine, R. T. 1966. Food web complexity and species diversity. American Naturalist 100:65-75.
• Pearse, V. B. and J. S. Pearse. 1994. Echinoderm Phylogeny and the place of the concentricycloids. pp. 121-126. in: Echinoderms Dijon: Proceedings of the Eighth International Echinoderm Conference. B. David, A. Guille, J.-P. Feral and M. Roux, eds. A.A. Balkema. Rotterdam.
• Perrier, J. O. E. 1884. Mémoire sur les étoiles de mer recueillies dans la Mer des Antolles et le golfe de Mexique. Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (2)6:127-276.
• Rowe, F. W. E., A. N. Baker, and H. E. S. Clark. 1988. The morphology, development and taxonomic status of Xyloplax Baker, Rowe and Clark 1986 (Echinodermata: Concentricycloidea), with the description of a new species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences 223:431-459.
• Shuker, KPN. 2001. The Hidden Powers of Animals: Uncovering the Secrets of Nature. London: Marshall Editions Ltd. 240 p.
• Sladen, W. P. 1889. Asteroidea. Report of the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger, 1873-1876. Zoology 30:1-935.
• Smith, A. B. 1988. To grop or not to group: the taxonomic position of Xyloplax. pp. 17-23. in: Echinoderm Biology. R. D. Burke, P. V. Mladenov, P. Lambert and R. D. Parsley, eds. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
• Spencer, W. K. and C. W. Wright. 1966. Asterozoans. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part U Echinodermata. 3(1):U4-U107. University of Kansas Press.
• Steven Vogel. 2003. Comparative Biomechanics: Life's Physical World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 580 p.
• Verrill, A. E. 1914. Monograph of the shallow-water starfishes of the North Pacific coast from the Arctic Ocean to California. Harriman Alaska Series of the United States National Museum 14:1-408, 110 pls.
• Wada, H., M. Komatsu and N. Satoh. 1996. Mitochondrial rDNA phylogeny of the Asteoidea suggests the primitiveness of the Paxillosida. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 6(1):97-106.
• Waggoner, B. 1994. "Introduction to the Asteroidea" (On-line). Accessed January 26, 2005 at http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/echinodermata/asteroidea.html.
• Washburn, F. L. 1896. Eastern Oyster on the Oregon Coast. Salem, OR : W. H. Leeds, State Printer; Page 10
• Webster, G. D., D. J. Hafley, D. B. Blake and A. Glass. 1999. Crinoids and stelleroids from the Broken Rib Member, Dyer Formation Late Devonian, Famennian. of the White River Plateau, Colorado. Journal of Paleontology 73(3):461-486.
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