Overview
Brief Summary
Requiem sharks - the Carcharhinids - are distributed throughout temperate and tropical oceans with several species occurring worldwide. Habitats are oceanic beyond the continental shelf (oceanic whitetip sharks, Carcharhinus longimanus) and inland into freshwater rivers and lakes (bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas). Some species tend to associate with bottom while others range throughout the water column. All carcharhinids are viviparous or ovoviviparous (Compagno, 1984).
Carcharhinid sharks are a valuable resource worldwide. They are utilized for their flesh, fins, oil, and skin, and are taken recreationally (Bonfil, 1994). Some species are known to travel long distances, occasionally crossing oceans, and are considered to be a resource shared between regions and nations.
Carcharhinidae genera can be difficult to identify due to similar body shape, color, and overlapping distributions; particularly Carcharhinus species and Rhizoprionodon species. There are a number of shark identification keys and field guides that are invaluable for carcharhinid identifications and those works are fundamental for providing a format for accurate identifications (Bigelow and Schroeder, 1948; Baughman and Springer, 1950; Springer, 1950; Casey, 1964; Clark and von Schmidt, 1965; Schwartz and Burgess, 1975; Hoese and Moore, 1977; Boschung, 1979; Garrick, 1982, 1985; Castro, 1983; Compagno, 1984; Gar man, 1997; McEachran and Fechhelm, 1998).
Members of Carcharhinidae are variously distinguished by the presence of precaudal pits; lack of spiracles (present on tiger sharks and occurring rarely on lemon sharks, Compagno, 1988); bladelike teeth with single cusps; first dorsal fin origin usually above pectoral fin or slightly posterior to pectoral fin inner corner (except on the blue shark with the dorsal fin base midpoint closer to pelvic fin origin than pectoral fin axil); second dorsal fin smaller than first dorsal fin and above anal fin (second dorsal fin and first dorsal fin almost equal size on lemon sharks); fifth gill slit over or posterior to pectoral fin origin; no fleshy keels along sides of caudal peduncle (except on tiger sharks and blue sharks); well developed nictitating membrane along eye socket lower margin.
- Grace, Mark. Field Guide to Requiem Sharks (Elasmobranchiomorphi: Carcharhinidae) of the Western North Atlantic. Mississippi Laboratories, Southeast Fisheries Science Center NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service. 2001
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Statistics of barcoding coverage
| Specimen Records: | 3,917 | Public Records: | 851 |
| Specimens with Sequences: | 3,036 | Public Species: | 45 |
| Specimens with Barcodes: | 1,948 | Public BINs: | 34 |
| Species: | 83 | ||
| Species With Barcodes: | 58 | ||
© Barcode of Life Data Systems
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Barcode data
© Barcode of Life Data Systems
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Locations of barcode samples
© Barcode of Life Data Systems
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Wikipedia
Requiem shark
Requiem sharks are a family, Carcharhinidae, of sharks in the order Carcharhiniformes, containing migratory, live-bearing sharks of warm seas (sometimes of brackish or fresh water) such as the tiger shark, the blue shark, the bull shark, and the milk shark.
The name may be related to the French word for shark, requin, itself of disputed etymology (chien de mer or Latin requiem ("rest"), which would thereby create a cyclic etymology: requiem-requin-requiem. [2]
Family members have the usual carcharhiniform characteristics. The eyes are round, and the pectoral fins are completely behind the five gill slits. Most species are viviparous, the young being born fully developed. They vary widely in size, from as little as 69 centimetres (2.26 ft) adult length in the Australian sharpnose shark, up to 5.5 metres (18 ft) adult length in the tiger shark.[1]
Requiem sharks are responsible for a large proportion of attacks on humans; however, due to the difficulty in identifying individual species, there is a degree of inaccuracy in attack records.[3]
Classification[edit]
The 52 species of requiem shark are grouped into 12 genera:[1]
- Subfamily Galeocerdinae
- Genus Galeocerdo J. P. Müller & Henle, 1837
- Galeocerdo cuvier (Péron & Lesueur, 1822) (Tiger shark)
- Genus Galeocerdo J. P. Müller & Henle, 1837
- Subfamily Scoliodontinae
- Genus Scoliodon J. P. Müller & Henle, 1838
- Scoliodon laticaudus J. P. Müller & Henle, 1838 (Spadenose shark)
- Scoliodon macrorhynchos (Bleeker, 1852) (Pacific spadenose shark)
- Genus Scoliodon J. P. Müller & Henle, 1838
- Subfamily Carcharhininae
- Tribe Carcharhinini
- Genus Carcharhinus Blainville, 1816
- Carcharhinus acronotus (Poey, 1860) (Blacknose shark)
- Carcharhinus albimarginatus (Rüppell, 1837) (Silvertip shark)
- Carcharhinus altimus (S. Springer, 1950) (Bignose shark)
- Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides (Whitley, 1934) (Graceful shark)
- Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Bleeker, 1856) (Grey or blacktail reef shark)
- Carcharhinus amboinensis (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839) (Pigeye shark)
- Carcharhinus borneensis (Bleeker, 1858) (Borneo shark)
- Carcharhinus brachyurus (Günther, 1870) (Copper shark)
- Carcharhinus brevipinna (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839) (Spinner shark)
- Carcharhinus cautus (Whitley, 1945) (Nervous shark)
- Carcharhinus dussumieri (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839) (Whitecheek shark)
- Carcharhinus falciformis (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839) (Silky shark)
- Carcharhinus fitzroyensis (Whitley, 1943) (Creek whaler)
- Carcharhinus galapagensis (Snodgrass & Heller, 1905) (Galapagos shark)
- Carcharhinus hemiodon (Valenciennes in J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839) (Pondicherry shark)
- Carcharhinus isodon (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839) (Finetooth shark)
- Carcharhinus leiodon Garrick, 1985 (Smooth tooth blacktip shark )
- Carcharhinus leucas (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839) (Bull shark)
- Carcharhinus limbatus (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839) (Blacktip shark)
- Carcharhinus longimanus (Poey, 1861) (Oceanic whitetip shark)
- Carcharhinus macloti (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839) (Hardnose shark)
- Carcharhinus macrops J. X. Liu, 1983
- Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (Blacktip reef shark)
- Carcharhinus obscurus (Lesueur, 1818) (Dusky shark)
- Carcharhinus perezii (Poey, 1876) (Caribbean reef shark)
- Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827) (Sandbar shark)
- Carcharhinus porosus (Ranzani, 1839) (Smalltail shark)
- Carcharhinus sealei (Pietschmann, 1913) (Blackspot shark)
- Carcharhinus signatus (Poey, 1868) (Night shark)
- Carcharhinus sorrah (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839) (Spot-tail shark)
- Carcharhinus tilstoni (Whitley, 1950) (Australian blacktip shark)
- Genus Glyphis Agassiz, 1843
- Glyphis fowlerae Compagno, W. T. White & Cavanagh, 2010 (Borneo river shark)
- Glyphis gangeticus (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839) (Ganges shark)
- Glyphis garricki Compagno, W. T. White & Last, 2008 (Northern river shark)
- Glyphis glyphis (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839) (Speartooth shark)
- Glyphis siamensis (Steindachner, 1896) (Irrawaddy river shark)
- Genus Lamiopsis Gill, 1862
- Lamiopsis temminckii (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839) (Broadfin shark)
- Lamiopsis tephrodes (Fowler, 1905) (Borneo broadfin shark)
- Genus Nasolamia Compagno & Garrick, 1983
- Nasolamia velox (Gilbert, 1898) (Whitenose shark)
- Genus Negaprion Whitley, 1940
- Negaprion acutidens (Rüppell, 1837) (Sicklefin lemon shark)
- Negaprion brevirostris (Poey, 1868) (Lemon shark)
- Genus Prionace Cantor, 1849
- Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758) (Blue shark)
- Genus Carcharhinus Blainville, 1816
- Tribe Rhizoprionodontini
- Genus Rhizoprionodon Whitley, 1929
- Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell, 1837) (Milk shark)
- Rhizoprionodon lalandii (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839) (Brazilian sharpnose shark)
- Rhizoprionodon longurio (D. S. Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) (Pacific sharpnose shark)
- Rhizoprionodon oligolinx V. G. Springer, 1964 (Grey sharpnose shark)
- Rhizoprionodon porosus (Poey, 1861) (Caribbean sharpnose shark)
- Rhizoprionodon taylori (Ogilby, 1915) (Australian sharpnose shark)
- Rhizoprionodon terraenovae (J. Richardson, 1836) (Atlantic sharpnose shark)
- Genus Loxodon J. P. Müller & Henle, 1838
- Loxodon macrorhinus (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839) (Sliteye shark)
- Genus Rhizoprionodon Whitley, 1929
- Tribe Isogomphodontini
- Genus Isogomphodon Gill, 1862
- Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839) (Daggernose shark)
- Genus Isogomphodon Gill, 1862
- Tribe Triaenodontini
- Genus Triaenodon J. P. Müller & Henle, 1837
- Triaenodon obesus (Rüppell, 1837) (Whitetip reef shark)
- Genus Triaenodon J. P. Müller & Henle, 1837
- Tribe Carcharhinini
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Compagno, L.J.V. Family Carcharhinidae - Requiem sharks in Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2010. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, version (05/2010).
- ^ "Requiem Shark" by Erik Tierney (accessed 28 November 2007).
- ^ ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark[dead link]
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