The following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners. There may be duplication.

References

• Ball, E. E. and D. J. Miller. 2006. Phylogeny: The continuing classificatory conundrum of chaetognaths. Current Biology 16(15):R593-R596.
• Bieri, R. 1991. Systematics of the Chaetognatha. Pages 122-136 in: The Biology of Chaetognaths. Q. Bone Q, H. Knapp, and A. C. Pierrot-Bults, eds. Oxford University Press, Oxford
• Bieri, R. and E. V. Thuesen. 1990. The strange worm Bathybelos. American Scientist 78:542–549.
• Bone, Q., H. Knapp, and A. C. Pierrot-Bults, eds. 1991. The Biology of Chaetognaths. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
• Brusca, R. C., & Brusca G. J. (2003). Invertebrates. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer.
• Brusca, Richard C., and Gary J. Brusca. 1990. Invertebrates. xiii + 992
• Brusca, Richard C., and Gary J. Brusca. 2002. Invertebrates, Second Edition. xx + 936
• Casanova, J.-P. 1985. Description de l'appareil génital primitif du genre Heterokrohnia et nouvelle classification des Chaetognathes. Compte-rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, Ser. 3, 301:397-402.
• Chen, J.-Y. and D.-Y. Huang. 2002. A possible Lower Cambrian chaetognath (arrow worm). Science 298:187.
• Doguzhaeva, L. A., H. Mutvei, and R. H. Mapes. 2002. Chaetognath grasping spines from the Upper Mississippian of Arkansas (USA). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47(3):421–430.
• Fautin D, Dalton P, Incze LS, Leong J-AC, Pautzke C, et al. 2010. An Overview of Marine Biodiversity in United States Waters. PLoS ONE 5(8): e11914. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011914
• Fujikura K, Lindsay D, Kitazato H, Nishida S, Shirayama. 2010. Marine Biodiversity in Japanese Waters. PLoS ONE 5(8): e11836. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011836
• Griffiths CL, Robinson TB, Lange L, Mead A, 2010. Marine Biodiversity in South Africa: An Evaluation of Current States of Knowledge. PLoS ONE 5(8): e12008. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012008
• Griffiths HJ. 2010. Antarctic Marine Biodiversity ? What Do We Know About the Distribution of Life in the Southern Ocean?. PLoS ONE 5(8): e11683. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011683
• Haddock, S. H. D., & Case J. F. (1994). A bioluminescent chaetognath. Nature. 367, 225-226.
• Halanych, K. M. 1996. Testing hypotheses of chaetognath origins: long branches revealed by 18S ribosomal DNA. Systematic Biology 45:223–246.
• Helfenbein, K. G., H. M. Fourcade, R. G. Vanjani, and J. L. Boore. 2004. The mitochondrial genome of Paraspadella gotoi is highly reduced and reveals that chaetognaths are a sister group to protostomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101(29):10639-10643.
• Jennings RM, Bucklin A, Pierrot-Bults A. 2010. Barcoding of Arrow Worms (Phylum Chaetognatha) from Three Oceans: Genetic Diversity and Evolution within an Enigmatic Phylum. PLoS ONE 5(4): e9949. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009949
• Jennings, R. M., Bucklin A., & Pierrot-Bults A. (2010). Barcoding of Arrow Worms (Phylum Chaetognatha) from Three Oceans: Genetic Diversity and Evolution within an Enigmatic Phylum. PLoS One. 5,
• Kapp, H. 2000. The unique embryology of Chaetognatha. Zoologischer Anzeiger 239:263-266.
• Margulis, L., & Chapman M. J. (2010). Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life On Earth, 4th edition reprinted with corrections.
• Marletaz, F., E. Martin, Y. Perez, D. Papillon, X. Caubit, C. Lowe, B. Freeman, L. Fasano, C. Dossat, P. Wincker. 2006. Chaetognath phylogenomics: A protostome with deuterostome-like development. Current Biology 16: R577–578.
• Matus, D. Q., R. R. Copley, C. W. Dunn, A. Hejnol, H. Eccleston, K. M. Halanych, M. Q. Martindale, and M. J. Telford. 2006. Broad taxon and gene sampling indicate that chaetognaths are protostomes. Current Biology 6:R575576.
• Miloslavich P, Díaz JM, Klein E, Alvarado JJ, Díaz C, et al. 2010. Marine Biodiversity in the Caribbean: Regional Estimates and Distribution Patterns. PLoS ONE 5(8): e11916. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011916
• Papillon, D., Y. Perez, X. Caubit, and Y. Le Parco. 2006. Systematics of Chaetognatha under the light of molecular data, using duplicated ribosomal 18S DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38(3):621-634.
• Paps, J., Baguna J., & Riutort M. (2009). Bilaterian Phylogeny: A Broad Sampling of 13 Nuclear Genes Provides a New Lophotrochozoa Phylogeny and Supports a Paraphyletic Basal Acoelomorpha. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26, 2397–2406.
• Salvini-Plawen, L. W. 1986. Systematics notes on Spadella and on the Chaetognatha in general. Z. Zool. Syst. Evol. 24:122–128.
• Schram, F. R. 1973. Pseudocoelomates and a nemertine from the Illinois Pennsylvanian. Journal of Paleontology 47:985–989.
• Shinn, G. L. 1997. Chaetognatha. Pages 103-220 in: Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates. Vol. 15. F. W. Harrison and E. E. Ruppert, eds. Wiley-Liss, New York.
• Shinn, G. L. and M. E. Roberts. 1994. Ultrastructure of hatching chaetognaths (Ferosagitta hispida): phylogenetic implications. Journal of Morphology 219:143-163.
• Szaniawski, H. 2002. New evidence for the protoconodont origin of chaetognaths. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47(3):405–419.
• Szaniawski, H. 2005. Cambrian chaetognaths recognized in Burgess Shale fossils. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50(1):1-8.
• Telford, M. J. 2004. Affinity for arrow worms. Nature 431:254-256.
• Telford, M. J. and P. W. H. Holland. 1997. Evolution of 28S ribosomal DNA in chaetognaths: duplicate genes and molecular phylogeny. Journal of Molecular Evolution 44:135-144.
• Telford, M. J., and P. W. H. Holland. 1993. The phylogenetic affinities of the chaetognaths: A molecular analysis. Molecular Biology and Evolution 10:660-676.
• Tokioka, T. 1965. The taxonomical outline of Chaetognatha. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory 12:335-357.