Eleutherodactylus — Details

Rain Frogs learn more about names for this taxon

Wikipedia

Eleutherodactylus

Cliff Chirping Frog, Eleutherodactylus marnockii

Eleutherodactylus is a genus of frogs in the Eleutherodactylidae family.^[1] Many of the 185 species of the genus are commonly known as "rain frogs" or "robber frogs", due to their sharp, high-pitched, insect-like calls.^[2]

The best-known species is the Common Coquí (Eleutherodactylus coqui), which is both a national symbol of Puerto Rico and a notorious invasive species in Hawaii. Two Eleutherodactylus species, E. limbatus and E. iberia, belong to the smallest known frogs, measuring only 8½ mm in length.^[3] and thus less than 1 mm more than Paedophryne amauensis (around 7.7 mm).^[4]

1 Etymology
2 Distribution and habitat
3 Reproduction and development
4 Phylogenetics
5 Species
6 References

Etymology

The name "Eleutherodactylus" is derived from the Greek words for free-toed. Most species are small, slender, and cryptically colored, with 3–5 free toes. A few, such as the Web-footed Coquí (Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti) of Puerto Rico, do have completely webbed feet.

Distribution and habitat

Species of Eleutherodactylus are found throughout the Neotropics, including the southern United States, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. Additionally, the Common Coquí (E. coqui) has been introduced to several islands in the Hawaiian archipelago, as well as elsewhere in the Pacific.^[5]

They can be terrestrial, arboreal, or aquatic, typically living in forests or riparian areas, and feeding primarily upon arthropods. Many Eleutherodactylus species have highly restricted ranges and are found on only one island or in one or a few localities. Even some of these restricted species can occur at very high densities.

Reproduction and development

All species of Eleutherodactylus are characterized by direct development, in which eggs hatch directly into small frogs, completely bypassing the tadpole stage. This adaptation may be largely responsible for their ecological and evolutionary success. Most species of Eleutherodactylus are characterized by parental behaviors, such as egg-guarding by either the male or female parent. In some cases, even young froglets are attended by parents. Another extinct Puerto Rican species, the Golden coquí (Eleutherodactylus jasperi), gave birth to live young. Many species (for example, Cook's Robber Frog, (E. cooki)), also of Puerto Rico, exhibit sexual dimorphism in size and color.

Phylogenetics

The basis of forming this genus has been morphological, but sequence comparisons of protein-encoding DNA, mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomal RNA have shown that geographic range is a much more consistent predictor of cladistics for this group of frogs. The climbing habits of many species have evolved independently. All true members of the genus have been clustered into subgenera, but many less-related species require more genetic data before they are to be officially classified elsewhere. The theory that the Eleutherodactyline colonization of Central America and the Caribbean from their origins in South America occurred during the Cretaceous has fallen out of favor. The fossil record combined with molecular clock analyses indicate that the subgenera were probably founded by small groups of individuals by flotsam dispersal during the Eocene or Oligocene epochs. Land bridges would have been limited to facilitating dispersal between West Indian islands, however, the Oligocene division of Hispaniola and Cuba resulted in further speciation. The distribution of the subgenus Syrrhopus is most likely due to a secondary dispersal to Central America from the Greater Antilles during the Miocene. The formation of the Panama Isthmus during the Pliocene has caused some intercontinental distribution among the clades, although only twenty "South American frogs" have ever made it northwards after the original colonization.^[6] Sensu stricto, however, it should exclude clades with distributions south of the Panama Canal.^[6]

Species

West Indian (Subgenus Eleutherodactylus)

E. (E.) abbotti Cochran, 1923
E. (E.) amplinympha Kaiser, Green & Schmid, 1994
E. (E.) antillensis Reinhardt & Lütken, 1863
E. (E.) audanti Cochran, 1934
E. (E.) auriculatoides Noble, 1923
E. (E.) auriculatus Cope, 1862
E. (E.) barlagnei Lynch, 1965
E. (E.) bartonsmithi Schwartz, 1960
E. (E.) brittoni Schmidt, 1920
E. (E.) cochranae Grant, 1932
E. (E.) cooki Grant, 1932
E. (E.) coqui Thomas, 1966
E. (E.) eileenae Dunn, 1926
E. (E.) eneidae Rivero, 1959
E. (E.) flavescens Noble, 1923
E. (E.) fowleri Schwartz, 1973
E. (E.) glamyrus Estrada & Hedges, 1997

E. (E.) gryllus Schmidt, 1920
E. (E.) guantanamera Hedges, Estrada & Thomas, 1992
E. (E.) haitianus Barbour, 1942
E. (E.) hedricki Rivero, 1963
E. (E.) ionthus Schwartz, 1960
E. (E.) jasperi Drewry & Jones, 1976
E. (E.) johnstonei Barbour, 1914
E. (E.) juanariveroi Ríos-López & Thomas, 2007
E. (E.) karlschmidti Grant, 1931
E. (E.) lamprotes Schwartz, 1973
E. (E.) leberi Schwartz, 1965
E. (E.) locustus Schmidt, 1920
E. (E.) mariposa Hedges, Estrada & Thomas, 1992
E. (E.) martinicensis Tschudi, 1838
E. (E.) melacara Hedges, Estrada & Thomas, 1992
E. (E.) minutus Noble, 1923

E. (E.) montanus Schmidt, 1919
E. (E.) parabates Schwartz, 1964
E. (E.) patriciae Schwartz, 1965
E. (E.) pinchoni Schwartz, 1967
E. (E.) pituinus Schwartz, 1965
E. (E.) poolei Cochran, 1938
E. (E.) portoricensis Schmidt, 1927
E. (E.) principalis Estrada & Hedges, 1997
E. (E.) richmondi Stejneger, 1904
E. (E.) ronaldi Schwartz, 1960
E. (E.) schwartzi Thomas, 1966
E. (E.) unicolor Stejneger, 1904
E. (E.) varians Gundlach & Peters, 1864
E. (E.) wetmorei Cochran, 1932
E. (E.) wightmanae Schmidt, 1920

West Indian (Subgenus Euhyas)

E. (Eu.) acmonis Schwartz, 1960
E. (Eu.) adelus Diaz, Cadiz & Hedges, 2003
E. (Eu.) albipes Barbour & Shreve, 1937
E. (Eu.) alcoae Schwartz, 1971
E. (Eu.) alticola Lynn, 1937
E. (Eu.) amadeus Hedges, Thomas & Franz, 1987
E. (Eu.) andrewsi Lynn, 1937
E. (Eu.) apostates Schwartz, 1973
E. (Eu.) armstrongi Noble & Hassler, 1933
E. (Eu.) atknisi Dunn, 1925
E. (Eu.) bakeri Cochran, 1935
E. (Eu.) blairhedgesi Estrada, Díaz & Rodriguez, 1998
E. (Eu.) bresslerae Schwartz, 1960
E. (Eu.) brevirostris Shreve, 1936
E. (Eu.) caribe Hedges & Thomas, 1992
E. (Eu.) casparii Dunn, 1926
E. (Eu.) cavernicola Lynn, 1954
E. (Eu.) corona Hedges & Thomas, 1992
E. (Eu.) cubanus Barbour, 1942
E. (Eu.) cundalli Dunn, 1926
E. (Eu.) cuneatus Cope, 1862
E. (Eu.) darlingtoni Cochran, 1935
E. (Eu.) dimidiatus Cope, 1862
E. (Eu.) dolomedes Hedges & Thomas, 1992
E. (Eu.) emiliae Dunn, 1926
E. (Eu.) etheridgei Schwartz, 1958
E. (Eu.) eunaster Schwartz, 1973
E. (Eu.) furcyensis Shreve & Williams, 1963
E. (Eu.) fuscus Lynn & Dent, 1943
E. (Eu.) glandulifer Cochran, 1935
E. (Eu.) glanduliferoides Shreve, 1936
E. (Eu.) glaphycompus Schwartz, 1973

E. (Eu.) glaucoreius Schwartz & Fowler, 1973
E. (Eu.) goini Schwartz, 1960
E. (Eu.) gossei Dunn, 1926
E. (Eu.) grabhami Dunn, 1926
Eleutherodactylus grahami Schwartz, 1979
E. (Eu.) greyi Dunn, 1926
E. (Eu.) griphus Crombie, 1986
E. (Eu.) guanahacabibes Estrada & Rodriguez, 1985
E. (Eu.) gundlachi Schmidt, 1920
E. (Eu.) heminota Shreve & Williams, 1963
E. (Eu.) iberia Estrada & Hedges, 1996
E. (Eu.) intermedius Barbour & Shreve, 1937
E. (Eu.) jamaicensis Barbour, 1910
E. (Eu.) jaumei Estrada & Alonso, 1997
E. (Eu.) jugans Cochran, 1937
E. (Eu.) junori Dunn, 1926
E. (Eu.) klinikowskii Schwartz, 1959
E. (Eu.) lentus Cope, 1862
E. (Eu.) leoncei Shreve & Williams, 1963
E. (Eu.) limbatus Cope, 1862
E. (Eu.) lucioi Schwartz, 1980
E. (Eu.) luteolus Gosse, 1851
E. (Eu.) maestrensis Díaz, Cádiz & Navarro, 2005
E. (Eu.) michaelschmidi Díaz, Cádiz & Navarro, 2007
E. (Eu.) monensis Meerwarth, 1901
E. (Eu.) nubicola Dunn, 1926
E. (Eu.) orcutti Dunn, 1928
E. (Eu.) orientalis Barbour & Shreve, 1937
E. (Eu.) oxyrhyncus Duméril & Bibron, 1841
E. (Eu.) pantoni Dunn, 1926

E. (Eu.) paulsoni Schwartz, 1964
E. (Eu.) pentasyringos Schwartz & Fowler, 1973
E. (Eu.) pezopetrus Schwartz, 1960
E. (Eu.) pictissimus Cochran, 1935
E. (Eu.) pinarensis Dunn, 1926
E. (Eu.) planirostris Cope, 1862
E. (Eu.) probolaeus Schwartz, 1965
E. (Eu.) rhodesi Schwartz, 1980
E. (Eu.) ricordii Duméril & Bibron, 1841
E. (Eu.) riparius Estrada & Hedges, 1998
E. (Eu.) rivularis Diaz, Estrada & Hedges, 2001
E. (Eu.) rogersi Goin, 1955
E. (Eu.) rufifemroralis Noble & Hassler, 1933
E. (Eu.) schmidti Noble, 1923
E. (Eu.) sciagraphus Schwartz, 1973
E. (Eu.) semipalmatus Shreve, 1936
E. (Eu.) simulans Diaz & Fong, 2001
E. (Eu.) sisyphodemus Crombie, 1977
E. (Eu.) tetajulia Estrada & Hedges, 1996
E. (Eu.) thomasi Schwartz, 1959
E. (Eu.) thorectes Hedges, 1988
E. (Eu.) toa Estrada & Hedges, 1991
E. (Eu.) tonyi Estrada & Hedges, 1997
E. (Eu.) turquinensis Barbour & Shreve, 1937
E. (Eu.) varleyi Dunn, 1925
E. (Eu.) ventrilineatus Shreve, 1936
E. (Eu.) warreni Schwartz, 1976
E. (Eu.) winlandi Barbour, 1914
E. (Eu.) zugi Schwartz, 1958

Hispaniolan (subgenus Pelorius)

E. (P.) chlorophenax Schwartz, 1976
E. (P.) hypostenor Schwartz, 1965

E. (P.) inoptatus Barbour, 1914
E. (P.) nortoni Schwartz, 1976

E. (P.) parapelates Hedges & Thomas, 1987
E. (P.) ruthae Noble, 1923

North/Central American and Cuban (subgenus Syrrhopus)

E. (S.) albolabris Lynch & Lescure, 1980
E. (S.) angustidigitorum Taylor, 1940
E. (S.) cystingnathoides Cope, 1877
E. (S.) dennisi Lynch, 1970
E. (S.) dilatus Davis & Dixon, 1955
E. (S.) grandis Dixon, 1957
E. (S.) guttilatus Cope, 1879
E. (S.) leprus Cope, 1879
E. (S.) interorbitalis Langebartel & Shannon, 1956

E. (S.) longipes Baird, 1859
E. (S.) marnockii Cope, 1878
E. (S.) maurus Hedges, 1989
E. (S.) modestus Taylor, 1942
E. (S.) nitidus Peters, 1870
E. (S.) nivicolimae Dixon & Webb, 1966
E. (S.) pallidus Duellman, 1958
E. (S.) pipilans Taylor, 1940
E. (S.) rubrimaculatus Taylor & Smith, 1945

E. (S.) rufescens Duellman & Dixon, 1959
E. (S.) saxatilis Webb, 1962
E. (S.) symingtoni Schwartz, 1957
E. (S.) syristes Hoyt, 1965
E. (S.) teretistes Duellman, 1958
E. (S.) verrucipes Cope, 1885
E. (S.) verruculatus Peters, 1870
E. (S.) zeus Schwartz, 1958

Central American clade (genus/subgenus Craugastor)

E. adamastus Campbell, 1994
E. alfredi Boulenger, 1898
E. amniscola Campbell & Savage, 2000
E. anciano Savage, McCranie & Wilson, 1988
E. andi Savage, 1974
E. angelicus Savage, 1975
E. aphanus Campbell, 1994
E. augusti Dugès, 1879
E. aurilegulus Savage, McCranie & Wilson, 1988
E. azueroensis Savage, 1975
E. batrachylus Taylor, 1940
E. berkenbuschii Peters, 1870
E. biporcatus Peters, 1863
E. bocourti Brocchi, 1877
E. bransfordii Cope, 1886
E. brocchi Boulenger, 1882
E. campbelli Smith, 2005
E. catalinae Campbell & Savage, 2000
E. chac Savage, 1987
E. charadra Campbell & Savage, 2000
E. chrysozetetes McCranie, Savage & Wilson, 1989
E. coffeus McCranie & Köhler, 1999
E. crassidigitus Taylor, 1952
E. cruzi McCranie, Savage & Wilson, 1989
E. cuaquero Savage, 1980
E. cyanocthebius McCranie & Smith, 2006
E. daryi Ford & Savage, 1984
E. latens Lynch, 1989
E. decoratus Taylor, 1942
E. emcelae Lynch, 1985
E. emleni Dunn & Emlen, 1932
E. epochthidius McCranie & Wilson, 1997
E. escoces Savage, 1975
E. fecundus McCranie & Wilson, 1997
E. fitzingeri Schmidt, 1857
E. fleischmanni Boettger, 1892
E. galacticorhinus Canseco-Marquez & Smith, 2004
E. glaucus Lynch, 1967

E. gollmeri Peters, 1863
E. greggi Bumzahem, 1955
E. guerreroensis Lynch, 1967
E. gulosus Cope, 1875
E. hobartsmithi Taylor, 1937
E. inachus Campbell & Savage, 2000
E. jota Lynch, 1980
E. laevissimus Werner, 1896
E. laticeps Duméril, 1853
E. lauraster Savage, McCranie & Espinal, 1996
E. lineatus Brocchi, 1879
E. loki Shannon & Werler, 1955
E. longirostris Boulenger, 1898
E. matudai Taylor, 1941
E. megacephalus Cope, 1875
E. megalotympanum Shannon & Werler, 1955
E. melanostictus Cope, 1875
E. merendonensis Schmidt, 1933
E. mexicanus Brocchi, 1877
E. milesi Schmidt, 1933
E. mimus Taylor, 1955
E. monnichorum Dunn, 1940
E. montanus Dunn, 1940
E. myllomyllon Savage, 2000
E. nefrens Smith, 2005
E. noblei Barbour & Dunn, 1921
E. obesus Barbour, 1928
E. occidentalis Taylor, 1941
E. olanchano McCranie & Wilson, 1999
E. omiltemanus Günther, 1900
E. omoaensis McCranie & Wilson, 1997
E. opimus Savage & Myers, 2002
E. palenque Campbell & Savage, 2000
E. pechorum McCranie & Wilson, 1999
E. pelorus Campbell & Savage, 2000
E. persimilis Barbour, 1926
E. phasma Lips & Savage, 1996

E. podiciferus Cope, 1875
E. polymniae Campbell, Lamar & Hillis, 1989
E. polyptychus Cope, 1886
E. pozo Johnson & Savage, 1995
E. psephosypharus Campbell, Savage & Meyer, 1994
E. punctariolus Peters, 1863
E. pygmaeus Taylor, 1937
E. raniformis Boulenger, 1896
E. ranoides Cope, 1886
E. rayo Savage & DeWeese, 1979
E. rhodopsis Cope, 1867
E. rhyacobatrachus Campbell & Savage, 2000
E. rivulus Campbell & Savage, 2000
E. rostralis Werner, 1896
E. rugosus Peters, 1873
E. rugulosus Cope, 1870
E. rupinius Campbell & Savage, 2000
E. sabrinus Campbell & Savage, 2000
E. saltuarius McCranie & Wilson, 1997
E. sandersoni Schmidt, 1941
E. silvicola Lynch, 1967
E. spatulatus Smith, 1939
E. stadelmani Schmidt, 1936
E. stejnegerianus Cope, 1893
E. stuarti Lynch, 1967
E. tabasarae Savage, Hollingsworth, Lips & Jaslow, 2004
E. talamancae Dunn, 1931
E. tarahumaraensis Taylor, 1940
E. taurus Taylor, 1958
E. taylori Lynch, 1966
E. trachydermus Campbell, 1994
E. underwoodi Boulenger, 1896
E. uno Savage, 1984
E. vocalis Taylor, 1940
E. vulcani Shannon & Werler, 1955
E. xucanebi Stuart, 1941
E. yucatensis Lynch, 1965

Undefined clade

E. aaptus Lynch & Lescure, 1980
E. acatallelus Lynch & Ruiz-Carranza, 1983
E. acerus Lynch & Duellman, 1980
E. achatinus Boulenger, 1898
E. actinolaimus Lynch & Rueda-Almonacid, 1998
E. actites Lynch, 1979
E. acuminatus Shreve, 1935
E. acutirostris Lynch, 1984
E. aemulatus Ruiz-Carranza, Lynch & Ardila-Robayo, 1997
E. affinis Werner, 1899
E. alalocophus Roa-Trujillo & Ruiz-Carranza, 1991
E. albericoi Lynch & Ruiz-Carranza, 1996
E. altae Dunn, 1942
E. altamazonicus Barbour & Dunn, 1921
E. anemerus Duellman & Pramuk, 1999
E. angustilineata Lynch, 1998
E. aniptopalmatus Duellman & Hedges, 2005
E. anolirex Lynch, 1983
E. anotis Walker & Test, 1955
E. anthrax Lynch, 2001
E. apiculatus Lynch & Burrowes, 1990
E. aquilonaris Lehr et al., 2007
E. aracamuni Barrio-Amorós & Molina, 2006
E. ardalonychus Duellman & Pramuk, 1999
E. ashkapara Köhler, 2000
E. atrabracus Duellman & Pramuk, 1999
E. atratus Lynch, 1979
E. aurantiguttatus Ruiz-Carranza, Lynch & Ardila-Robayo, 1997
E. aureolineatus Guayasamin, Ron, Cisneros-Heredia, Lamar &McCracken, 2006
E. avicuporum Duellman & Pramuk, 1999
E. avius Myers & Donnelly, 1997
E. bacchus Lynch, 1984
E. baiotis Lynch, 1998
E. balionutus Lynch, 1979
E. baryecuus Lynch, 1979
E. batrachites Lynch, 2003
E. bearsei Duellman, 1992
E. bellator Lehr et al., 2007
E. bellona Lynch, 1992
E. bernali Lynch, 1986
E. bicolor Rueda-Almonacid & Lynch, 1983
E. bicumulus Peters, 1863
E. bipunctatus Duellman & Hedges, 2005
E. bisignatus Werner, 1899
E. boconoensis Rivero & Mayorga, 1973
E. bogotensis Peters, 1863
E. boulengeri Lynch, 1981
E. brevifrons Lynch, 1981
E. briceni Boulenger, 1903
E. bromeliaceus Lynch, 1979
E. buccinator Rodriguez, 1994
E. buckleyi Boulenger, 1882
E. cabrerai Cochran & Goin, 1970
E. cacao Lynch, 1992
E. caeruleonotus Lehr et al., 2007
E. cajamercensis Barbour & Noble, 1920
E. calcaratus Boulenger, 1908
E. calcarulatus Lynch, 1976
E. caliginosus Lynch, 1996
E. cantitans Myers & Donnelly, 1996
E. capitonis Lynch, 1998
E. caprifer Lynch, 1977
E. carlossanchezi Arroyo, 2007
E. carmelitae Ruthven, 1922
E. carranguerorum Lynch, 1994
E. carvalhoi Lutz, 1952
E. caryophyllaceus Barbour, 1928
E. cavernibardus Myers & Donnelly, 1997
E. celator Lynch, 1976
E. cerasinus Cope, 1875
E. ceuthospilus Duellman & Wild, 1993
E. chalceus Peters, 1873
E. charlottevillensis Kaiser, Dwyer, Feichtinger & Schmid, 1995
E. chiastonotus Lynch & Hoogmoed, 1977
E. chloronotus Lynch, 1969
E. chrysops Lynch & Ruiz-Carranza, 1996
E. citriogaster Duellman, 1992
E. colodactylus Lynch, 1979
E. colomai Lynch & Duellman, 1997
E. colostichos La Marca & Smith, 1982
E. condor Lynch & Duellman, 1980
E. conspicillatus Günther, 1858
E. cordovae Lehr & Duellman, 2007
E. corniger Lynch & Suárez-Mayorga, 2003
E. corrugatus Duellman, Lehr & Venegas, 2006
E. cosnipatae Duellman, 1978
E. cremnobates Lynch & Duellman, 1980
E. crenunguis Lynch, 1976
E. crepitans Bokermann, 1965
E. cristinae Lynch & Ruiz-Carranza, 1985
E. coceoinguinis Lynch, 1968
E. crucifer Boulenger, 1899
E. cruciocularis Lundberg, Aguilar et al., 2006
E. cruentus Peters, 1873
E. cryophilius Lynch, 1979
E. cryptomelas Lynch, 1979
E. cuentasi Lynch, 2003
E. cuneirostris Duellman & Pramuk, 1999
E. curtipes Boulenger, 1882
E. danae Duellman, 1978
E. degener Lynch & Duellman, 1997
E. deinops Lynch, 1996
E. delicatus Ruthven, 1917
E. delius Duellman & Mendelson, 1995
E. devillei Boulenger, 1880
E. diadematus Jiménez de la Espada, 1875
E. doaphonus Lynch, 1986
E. diastema Cope, 1875
E. diogenes Lynch & Ruiz-Carranza, 1996
E. dissimulatus Lynch & Duellman, 1997
E. dorsopictus Rivero & Serna, 1988
E. douglasi Lynch, 1996
E. duellmani Lynch, 1980
E. duende Lynch, 2001
E. dundeei Heyer & Muñoz, 1999
E. elegans Peters, 1863
E. epacrus Lynch & Suárez-Mayorga, 2000
E. eremitus Lynch, 1980
E. eriphus Lynch & Duellman, 1980
E. ernesti Flores, 1987
E. erythropleura Boulenger, 1896
E. esmereldas Guayasamin, 2004
E. eugeniae Lynch & Duellman, 1997
E. euphronides Schwartz, 1967
E. erydactylus Hedges & Schlüter, 1992
E. exoristus Duellman & Pramuk, 1999
E. factiosus Lynch & Rueda-Almonacid, 1998
E. fallax Lynch & Rueda-Almonacid, 1999
E. fenestratus Steindachner, 1864
E. festae Peracca, 1904
E. fetosus Lynch & Rueda-Almonacid, 1998
E. flavobracatus Lundberg, Aguilar et al., 2006
E. floridus Lynch & Duellman, 1997
E. frater Werner, 1899
E. fraudator Lynch & McDiarmid, 1987
E. gaigeae Dunn, 1931
E. galdi Jiménez de la Espada, 1871
E. ganonotus Duellman & Lynch, 1988
E. gentryi Lynch & Duellman, 1997
E. ginesi Rivero, 1964
E. gladiator Lynch, 1976
E. glandulosus Boulenger, 1880
E. gracilis Lynch, 1986
E. grandiceps Lynch, 1984
E. gularis Boulenger, 1898
E. gutturalis Hoogmoed, Lynch & Lescure, 1977
E. hamiotae Flores, 1994
E. hectus Lynch & Burrowes, 1990
E. helvolus Lynch & Rueda-Almonacid, 1998
E. hernandezi Lynch & Ruiz-Carranza, 1983
E. huicundo Guayasamin, Almeida-Reinoso & Nogales-Sornosa, 2004

E. hybotragus Lynch, 1992
E. hylaeformis Cope, 1875
E. ignicolor Lynch & Duellman, 1980
E. illotus Lynch & Duellman, 1997
E. imitatrix Duellman, 1978
E. incanus Lynch & Duellman, 1980
E. incertus Lutz, 1927
E. incomptus Lynch & Duellman, 1980
E. infraguttatus Duellman & Pramuk, 1999
E. inguinalis Parker, 1940
E. insignitus Ruthven, 1917
E. inusitatus Lynch & Duellman, 1980
E. ixalus Lynch, 2003
E. jaimei Lynch, 1992
E. johannesdei Rivero & Serna, 1988
E. jorgevelosai Lynch, 1994
E. juanchoi Lynch, 1996
E. jubatus Garcia & Lynch, 2006
E. kareliae La Marca, 2005
E. katoptroides Flores, 1988
E. kelephas Lynch, 1998
E. kirklandi Flores, 1985
E. labiosus Lynch, Ruiz-Carranza & Ardila-Robayo, 1994
E. lacrimosus Jiménez de la Espada, 1875
E. lancinii Donoso-Barros, 1965
E. lanthanites Lynch, 1975
E. lasalleorum Lynch, 1995
E. laticlavus Lynch & Burrowes, 1990
E. latidiscus Boulenger, 1898
E. lemur Lynch & Rueda-Almonacid, 1998
E. lentiginosus Rivero, 1984
E. leoni Lynch, 1976
E. leptolophus Lynch, 1980
E. leucopus Lynch, 1976
E. librarius Flores & Vigle, 1994
E. lichenoides Lynch & Rueda-Almonacid, 1997
E. lindae Duellman, 1978
E. lirellus Dwyer, 1995
E. lividus Lynch & Duellman, 1980
E. llojsintuta Köhler & Lötters, 1999
E. loustes Lynch, 1979
E. luscombei Duellman & Mendelson, 1995
E. luteolateralis Lynch, 1976
E. lutitus Lynch, 1984
E. lymani Barbour & Noble, 1920
E. lynchi Duellman & Simmons, 1977
E. lythrodes Lynch & Lescure, 1980
E. maculosus Lynch, 1991
E. malkini Lynch, 1980
E. marahuaka Fuentes-Ramos & Barrio-Amoros, 2004
E. marmoratus Boulenger, 1900
E. mars Lynch & Ruiz-Carranza, 1996
E. martiae Lynch, 1974
E. medemi Lynch, 1994
E. megalops Ruthven, 1917
E. melanogaster Duellman & Pramuk, 1999
E. melanoproctus Rivero, 1984
E. memorans Myers & Donnelly, 1997
E. mendax Duellman, 1978
E. mercedesae Lynch & McDiarmid, 1987
E. meridionalis Lehr & Duellman, 2007
E. merostictus Lynch, 1984
E. metabates Duellman & Pramuk, 1999
E. miyatai Lynch, 1984
E. mnionaetes Lynch, 1998
E. modipeplus Lynch, 1981
E. molybrignus Lynch, 1986
E. mondolfii Rivero, 1984
E. moro Savage, 1965
E. muricatus Lynch & Miyata, 1980
E. muscosus Duellman & Pramuk, 1999
E. museosus Ibáñez, Jaramillo & Arosemena, 1994
E. myersi Goin & Cochran, 1963
E. myops Lynch, 1998
E. nephophilus Duellman & Pramuk, 1999
E. nervicus Lynch, 1994
E. nicefori Cochran & Goin, 1970
E. nigrogriseus Andersson, 1945
E. nyctophylax Lynch, 1976
E. obmutescens Lynch, 1980
E. ocellatus Lynch & Burrowes, 1990
E. ockendeni Boulenger, 1912
E. ocreatus Lynch, 1981
E. olivaceus Köhler, Morales, Lötters, Reichle & Aparicio, 1998
E. orcesi Lynch, 1972
E. orestes Lynch, 1979
E. ornatissimus Despax, 1911
E. ornatus Lundberg, Aguilar et al., 2006
E. orpacobates Lynch, Ruiz-Carranza & Ardila-Robayo, 1994
E. orphnolaimus Lynch, 1970
E. ortizi Guayasamin, Almeida-Reinoso & Nogales-Sornosa, 2004
E. padrecarlosi Mueses-Cisneros, 2006
E. paisa Lynch & Ardila-Robayo, 1999
E. palmeri Boulenger, 1912
E. paramerus Rivero, 1984
E. pardalinus Lundberg, Aguilar et al., 2006
E. pardalis Barbour, 1928
E. parectatus Lynch & Rueda-Almonacid, 1998
E. parvillus Lynch, 1976
E. partazensis Andersson, 1945
E. pataikos Duellman & Pramuk, 1999
E. paululus Lynch, 1974
E. pecki Duellman & Lynch, 1988
E. pedimontanus La Marca, 2004
E. penelopus Lynch & Rueda-Almonacid, 1999
E. peraticus Lynch, 1980
E. percnopterus Duellman & Pramuk, 1999
E. percultus Lynch, 1979
E. permixtus Lynch, Ruiz-Carranza & Ardila-Robayo, 1994
E. peruvianus Melin, 1941
E. petersi Lynch & Duellman, 1980
E. petrobardus Duellman, 1991
E. phalarus Lynch, 1998
E. philipi Lynch & Duellman, 1995
E. phoxocephalus Lynch, 1979
E. phragmipleuron Rivero et Serna, 1988
E. piceus Lynch, Ruiz-Carranza & Ardila-Robayo, 1996
E. pinguis Duellman & Pramuk, 1999
E. pirrensis Ibáñez & Crawford, 2004
E. platychilus Lynch, 1996
E. platydactylus Boulenger, 1903
E. pleurostriatus Rivero, 1984
E. pluvicanorus De la Riva & Lynch, 1997
E. polemistes Lynch & Ardila-Robayo, 2004
E. polychrus Ruiz-Carranza, Lynch & Ardila-Robayo, 1997
E. prolatus Lynch & Duellman, 1980
E. prolixodiscus Lynch, 1978
E. prosperens Lynch, 1979
E. pruinatus Myers & Donnelly, 1996
E. pseudoacuminatus Shreve, 1935
E. pteridophilus Lynch & Duellman, 1997
E. ptochus Lynch, 1998
E. pugnax Lynch, 1973
E. pulvinatus Rivero, 1968
E. pycnodermis Lynch, 1979
E. pyrrhomerus Lynch, 1976
E. quantus Lynch, 1998
E. quaquaversus Lynch, 1974
E. quidditus Lynch, 2001
E. quiquagesimus Lynch & Trueb, 1980
E. racemus Lynch, 1980
E. reclusas Lynch, 2003
E. renjiforum Lynch, 2000
E. repens Lynch, 1984
E. restrepoi Lynch, 1996
E. reticulatus Walker & Test, 1955
E. rhabdocnemus Duellman & Hedges, 2005

E. rhabdolaemus Duellman, 1978
E. rhodoplichus Duellman & Wild, 1993
E. rhodostichus Duellman & Pramuk, 1999
E. ridens Cope, 1866
E. riveroi Lynch & La Marca, 1993
E. riveti Despax, 1911
E. rosadoi Flores, 1988
E. roseus Boulenger, 1918
E. rozei Rivero, 1961
E. rubicundus Jiménez de la Espada, 1875
E. ruedai Ruiz-Carranza, Lynch & Ardila-Robayo, 1997
E. ruficolis Duellman & Pramuk, 1999
E. ruidus Lynch, 1979
E. ruthveni Lynch & Ruiz-Carranza, 1985
E. sagittulus Lehr, Aguilar & Duellman, 2004
E. salaputium Duellman, 1978
E. samaipatae Köhler & Jungfer, 1995
E. sancaemartae Ruthven, 1917
E. sanguineus Lynch, 1998
E. satagius Lynch, 1995
E. savagei Pyburn & Lynch, 1981
E. schultei Duellman, 1990
E. scitulus Duellman, 1978
E. scoloblepharus Lynch, 1991
E. scolodiscus Lynch & Burrowes, 1990
E. scopaeus Lynch, Ruiz-Carranza & Ardila-Robayo, 1996
E. serendipitus Duellman & Pramuk, 1999
E. shrevei Schwartz, 1967
E. signifer Ruiz-Carranza, Lynch & Ardila-Robayo, 1997
E. silverstonei Lynch & Ruiz-Carranza, 1996
E. simonbolivari Wiens & Coloma, 1992
E. simonsii Boulenger, 1900
E. simoteriscus Lynch, Ruiz-Carranza & Ardila-Robayo, 1997
E. simoterus Lynch, 1980
E. siopelus Lynch & Burrowes, 1990
E. skydmainos Flores & Rodriguez, 1997
E. sobetes Lynch, 1980
E. spilogaster Lynch, 1984
E. spinosus Lynch, 1979
E. stenodiscus Walker e& Test, 1955
E. sternothylax Duellman & Wild, 1993
E. stictoboubonus Duellman et al., 2006
E. stictogaster Duellman & Hedges, 2005
E. subsigillatus Boulenger, 1902
E. suetus Lynch & Rueda-Almonacid, 1998
E. sulculus Lynch & Burrowes, 1990
E. supernatis Lynch, 1979
E. surdus (Boulenger, 1882)
E. susaguae Rueda-Almonacid, Lynch & Galvis, 2003
E. taciturnus Lynch & Suárez-Mayorga, 2003
E. taeniatus Boulenger, 1912
E. tamsitti Cochran & Goin, 1970
E. tayrona Lynch & Ruiz-Carranza, 1985
E. telefericus La Marca, 2005
E. tenebrionis Lynch & Miyata, 1980
E. terraebolivaris Rivero, 1961
E. thectopternus Lynch, 1975
E. thymalopsoides Lynch, 1976
E. thymelensis Lynch, 1972
E. tigrillo Savage, 1997
E. tinker Lynch, 2001
E. toftae Duellman, 1978
E. torrenticola Lynch & Rueda-Almonacid, 1998
E. trachyblepharis Boulenger, 1918
E. tribulosus Lynch & Rueda-Almonacid, 1997
E. truebae Lynch & Duellman, 1997
E. tubernasus Rivero, 1984
E. turpinorum Hardy, 2001
E. turumiquirensis Rivero, 1961
E. uisae Lynch, 2003
E. unistrigatus Günther, 1859
E. uranobates Lynch, 1991
E. urichi Boettger, 1894
E. vanadise La Marca, 1984
E. variabilis Lynch, 1968
E. veletis Lynch & Rueda-Almonacid, 1997
E. ventrimarmoratus Boulenger, 1912
E. verecundus Lynch & Burrowes, 1990
E. versicolor Lynch, 1979
E. vertebralis Boulenger, 1886
E. vicarius Lynch & Ruiz-Carranza, 1983
E. vidua Lynch, 1979
E. viejas Lynch & Rueda-Almonacid, 1999
E. vilarsi Melin, 1941
E. viridicans Lynch, 1977
E. viridis Ruiz-Carranza, Lynch & Ardila-Robayo, 1997
E. vocator Taylor, 1955
E. wagteri Venegas, 2007 Journal of Herpetology, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 394–400, 2007
E. walkeri Lynch, 1974
E. wiensi Duellman & Wild, 1993
E. w-nigrum Boettger, 1892
E. xeniolum Lynch, 2001
Eleutherodactylus xestus Lynch, 1995
E. xylochobates Lynch & Ruiz-Carranza, 1996
E. yaviensis Myers & Donnelly, 1996
E. zeuctotylus Lynch & Hoogmoed, 1977
E. zimmermanae Heyer & Hardy, 1991
E. zophus Lynch & Ardila-Robayo, 1999

References

^ Hedges, S. B., W. E. Duellman, and M. P. Heinicke . 2008. New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa 1737: 1-182.
^ "Amphibian Species of the World". http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/?action=references&id=8839. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
^ The Center for Reptile and Amphibian Research: Interesting Facts About Amphibians
^ Rittmeyer, E. N.; Allison, A.; Gründler, M. C.; Thompson, D. K.; Austin, C. C. (2012). Etges, William J.. ed. "Ecological Guild Evolution and the Discovery of the World's Smallest Vertebrate". PLoS ONE 7: e29797. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029797. edit
^ > "Eleutherodactylus coqui (amphibian) at the Global Invasive Species Database". http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=105&fr=1&sts>. Retrieved 2007-06-06.
^ ^a ^b Heinicke, M.P., W.E. Duellman & S.B. Hedges (2007). "Major Caribbean and Central American frog faunas originated by ancient oceanic dispersal". Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 104 (24): 10092–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.0611051104. PMC 1891260. PMID 17548823. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1891260.

Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0 (CC BY-SA 3.0)

Source: Wikipedia

Unreviewed

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Comment on or rate this article

Coquí

Learn more about this article

Coquí is the common name for several species of small frogs endemic to the island of Puerto Rico, onomatopoeically named for the loud sound males of two species make at night, the common coqui and the mountain coqui. The coquí is one of the most common frogs in the island of Puerto Rico. Many different species of small frogs create the family of the coquí.

More than 16 different species live in the island, 13 of which occur in the Caribbean National Forest. Other species of this genus can be found around the world: in Central and South America; and the Caribbean.

1 Taxonomy
2 Role in the Ecosystem
3 Population Decline
4 Geographic distribution
5 See also
6 References
7 External links

Taxonomy

Coquís belong to the Eleutherodactylus genus which in Greek means free toes. Eleutherodactylus contains over 700 different species that occur in the southern United States, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean.

Seventeen described species of coquís inhabit Puerto Rico. In 2007 a new species, the Coquí Llanero, was officially named Eleutherodactylus juanariveroi.^[1]

Role in the Ecosystem

The coqui has essentially become the species which controls the population of herbivorous insects.

Population Decline

The decline of the coqui population has increased since the introduction in some manner of the Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ^[2]. This fungus has been extremely effective against amphibians because it can cause skin infection. The coquis found in El Yunque are resistant to the B. dendrobatidis fungus at the expense of their size, which reduces the aptitude to survive in the wilderness (Burrowes, Longo and Rodriguez 2007). It was also seen that individuals that carry this fungus are more susceptible to frequent places were the B. dendrobatidis fungus is concentrated. Although the fungus frequents humid environments a higher rate of infection was seen in drier climates because coquis tend to cluster in humid areas within this drier climate (Burrowes, Longo and Rodriguez 2007).

Geographic distribution

The current record from the USGS^[3] establishes that it has been identified in: Puerto Rico, Hawaii, St. Croix, St. John and St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, Dominican Republic, Vieques, and Florida.

At one point Louisiana was identified as another location but according to the USGS the Louisiana record was erroneous and was based on two pet coquis, both males, kept in a greenhouse for 2–3 years until killed off by a winter freeze [5].

Coquis have become established in Hawaii, where they are considered an invasive species. Coqui population density in Hawaii can reach 20,000 animals per acre and affects 50,000 acres (20,000 ha). Eradication campaigns are underway on Hawaiʻi and Maui.^[4]^[5]^[6] Some groups favor its adoption.^[7]

Eradication techniques include hand capture and spraying with a 12% solution of citric acid along with a certification program for nurseries to prevent them from acting as centers of contagion.^[4]

References

^ Rios-López, N. and R. Thomas. 2007. A new species of palustrine Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Puerto Rico. Zootaxa 1512: 51–64
^ Burrowes, Patricia A. and Ana V. Longo. Persistence with Chytridiomycosis Does Not Assure Survival of Direct-developing Frogs. EcoHealth June 2010: p.185-195. ProQuest. Web. 5 June 2011.
^ [1]
^ ^a ^b Shafer, Jacob (November 18, 2010). "On the Front Lines of the Coqui Battle With Maui Invasive Species Committee". http://www.mauitime.com/Articles-i-2010-11-18-75172.113117-On-the-Front-Lines-of-the-Coqui-Battle-With-Maui-Invasive-Species-Committee.html. Retrieved November, 2010.
^ [2]
^ [3]
^ [4]

Source: Wikipedia

Unreviewed

Article rating from 0 people

Average rating: 2.5 of 5

Comment on or rate this article

Disclaimer

EOL content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. As a result, from time to time you may find pages on EOL that are confusing.

To request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. Thank you!

Encyclopedia of Life

Global Navigation

Search the site

Login or Create Account

Eleutherodactylus — Details

Rain Frogs learn more about names for this taxon

Table of Contents

Wikipedia

Wikipedia

Eleutherodactylus

Contents

Etymology

Distribution and habitat

Reproduction and development

Phylogenetics

Species

West Indian (Subgenus Eleutherodactylus)

West Indian (Subgenus Euhyas)

Hispaniolan (subgenus Pelorius)

North/Central American and Cuban (subgenus Syrrhopus)

Central American clade (genus/subgenus Craugastor)

Undefined clade

References

Article rating from 0 people

Coquí

Contents

Taxonomy

Role in the Ecosystem

Population Decline

Geographic distribution

See also

References

Article rating from 0 people

Disclaimer

Site information

Encyclopedia of Life