Poecile carolinensis is native to the American Southeast, and is divided into four races: P. c. carolinensis, P. c. extima, P. c. atricapilloides, and P. c. agilis.  Poecile c. carolinensis is found in the southeastern United States; its range covers all of Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina; northern half of Florida; eastern regions of Arkansas and Louisiana; and the central eastern and northern regions of Tennessee and North Carolina. Poecile c. extima is the northernmost sub species, extending from the southern half of New Jersey across lower Pennsylvania, the central and lower counties of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, and the southeastern corner of Missouri. The southern boundary of extimus is the Kentucky – Tennessee border and the Virginia – North Carolina boundary. The species does not occur in the southeastern section of Virginia and in the higher elevations of the Appalachian Mountains. Poecile c. atricapilloides, the westernmost chickadee race, is found along the Kansas – Oklahoma border, central Oklahoma, and the eastern half of the Texas panhandle, extending south almost to the Mexican border. Poecile c. agilis resides in the regions between P. c. carolinensis and P. c. atricapilloides.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

endemic to a single nation

United States

Origin: Native

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

Type of Residency: Year-round

Global Range: Resident from southern Kansas east to central Indiana, southern Pennsylvania, and central New Jersey south to southern Texas, Gulf Coast, and northern peninsular Florida.

The following is a general description for all four recognized races (P. c. carolinensis, P. c. extima, P. c. atricapilloides, and P. c. agilis). About twelve centimeters in length with black crown, throat, and lower neck (forming the recognizable “bib”). Chickadees have a white cheek and underparts. The wings and tail are a lighter grey, while the sides and flanks are tinged buffy. Poecile carolinensis is similar in characteristics in both juvenile and adult with juveniles being slightly duller in color. Females are slightly smaller than males. Weight ranges from 9 to 12 grams.

Carolina chickadees are very similar in appearance to their close relative, black-capped chickadees (Parus atricapillus). These two species co-occur in the mountains of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia. There are subtle differences in the amount of white on outer primary feathers, the tail to wing ratio, and overall length. However, hybridization does occur and hybrids may be morphologically intermediate. Songs vary and can be intermediate as well, so can't be used to distinguish these species in sympatry.

Range mass: 9 to 12 g.

Average length: 12 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike; male larger

Length: 12 cm

Weight: 11 grams

The amount of white on the outer edge of the greater coverts is the best character for distinguishing Parus atricapillus and Carolinensis in the field, but birds in the contact zone may not be identified with certainty (Robbins 1989).

• Terrestrial
• Freshwater

Temperate forests, preferably those bordering clearings or near waterways. Forest types inhabited include swamp, hardwood, and mixed pine forests. Tree species characteristic of these forests include oaks (Quercus), water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica) and black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), sweetgum (Liquidamber styraciflua), cypress (Taxodium), elm (Ulmus), ash Fraxinus), cottonwood (Populus deltoides or P. heterophylla), maples (Acer), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), beech (Fagus), hickories (Carya), pines (Pinus), and hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). Additional habitats used include parks and wooded urban areas. In the western portion of its range, Carolina chickadees are restricted to riparian habitats. Poecile carolinensis is generally found inhabiting higher elevations in the absence of black-capped chickadees (P. atricapillus), another species of chickadee that often intermingles in habitat: up to 1200 meters locally in Tennessee (usually 850 meters where the species co-occur) and 1850 meters locally in North Carolina (usually 1380 meters where they co-occur). Poecile carolinensis is believed to be non-migratory.

Range elevation: 850 to 1850 m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: forest

Wetlands: swamp

Other Habitat Features: urban ; suburban ; agricultural ; riparian

Comments: Deciduous woodland, forest clearings and edge, swamps, thickets, second-growth woodland, parks, brushy areas, suburban areas. At night, especially in winter, roosts in cavities if available. Nests in cavity in tree or fence post, and in woodpecker holes and artificial cavities, including artificial snags (Grubb and Bronson 1995, Condor 97:1067-1070). Natural sites with decayed wood usually are excavated by birds themselves. Nests usually about 1-5 m above ground (Harrison 1978). See Mitchell (1988) for specifications for the construction and placement of nest boxes.

Non-Migrant: Yes. At least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations. Juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration.

Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e.g., to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites).

Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km.

Carolina chickadees are omnivorous, eating wild seeds and fruits, as well as small insects and spiders. During the warm months, 80-90% of a chickadees diet is likely to be animal foods. During the winter months they will eat seeds and fruits equally with insects and spiders. They primarily forage on the limbs and trunks of trees (arboreal gleaning), as well as in leaf litter and fallen pine cones. During the colder months, when food is sparse, these chickadees may expand their diet. Poecile carolinensis and other chickadee species that overlap geographically are not believed to compete for food, due to increased dietary generalization. Carolina chickadees frequent bird feeders throughout their range.

Analysis of stomach contents in a population from Florida included the following items: 62% insects (Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, and Homoptera), 10% arachnids (Arachnida), 28% plant foods (poison ivy (Rhus radicans), blackberry (Rubus), and blueberry (Vaccinium). Other fruits and seeds eaten include: pine (Pinus), mulberry (Morus), honeysuckle (Lonicera), ragweed (Ambrosia), redbud (Cercis canadensis), and Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia).

Animal Foods: amphibians; insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods

Plant Foods: seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit

Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats terrestrial vertebrates, Insectivore ); herbivore (Frugivore , Granivore ); omnivore

Comments: Eats insects, especially moths and caterpillars, insect eggs, spiders, fruits, and seeds (Terres 1980). Gleaner; searches bark and leaves.

Carolina chickadees are important predators on seeds and small insects and insect larvae in the ecosystems in which they live. They are also prey for small avian, mammalian, and snake predators.

At least one study suggests that Carolina chickadees prefer to nest in the inner areas of woodlots. Though they may forage on the outskirts of woodlots, that area is also preferred by Troglodytes aedon, common house wrens. These wrens often destroy chickadee nests on the woodlot border. Other predators of eggs and nestlings include red-bellied woodpeckers (Melanerpes carolinus), racoons (Procyon lotor), Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana), domestic cats (Felis silvestris), southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans), and rat snakes (Elaphe). Sharp-shinned (Accipiter striatus) and Cooper's hawks (A. cooperii) prey on adults.

Responses to predators includes mobbing by mated pairs, alarm calls, becoming immobile when a predator is detected, and a snake display, in which the chickadee bangs its head and feathers against the material of the nest and hisses at the same time. Most predation on young is avoided through careful choice of nest cavity and predation on adults is avoided by vigilance.

Known Predators:

• Sharp-shinned hawks (Accipiter striatus)
• Cooper's hawks (Accipiter cooperii)
• house wrens (Troglodytes aedon)
• red-bellied woodpeckers (Melanerpes carolinus)
• racoons (Procyon lotor)
• Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana)
• domestic cats (Felis silvestris)
• southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans)
• rat snakes (Elaphe)

Breeding density usually about 7-12 pairs/40 ha. Forms small flocks in nonbreeding season. In Illinois, predation was the greatest influence on nesting success (Condor 94:371-382). Use of bird feeders enhances winter survival.

Like other species of chickadees, P. carolinensis utilizes vocalizations to establish and maintain social communication. There are four notes to the calls, and each call can be varied so as to give a certain implication. These highly structured calls are important in the fall and winter months for communication between birds that are searching for food and maintaining organization of the flock. During the mating period it is believed that vocal communication is less significant. A wide variety of other vocalizations is used, including alarm calls, whistles, gargles, and the characteristic "chick-a-dee."

Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic

Banding studies show that Carolina chickadees may live as long as ten years and 11 months. Annual survival rates from several studies were estimated from 41 to 61% in Maryland, Ohio, and southeastern and southcentral populations. Food supplementation at bird feeders has been demonstrated to increase survivorship over the winter.

Range lifespan

Status: wild: 11 (high) years.

Average lifespan

Status: wild: 131 months.

Carolina chickadees begin to find mates during the winter. Males begin to sing and become aggressive towards other members of the flock at this time. Mated pairs may be together for only a single season, but evidence suggests that if both breeders survive through the winter they will mate again in subsequent breeding seasons, essentially mating for life. Nest building and egg laying begin from February to April, with timing related to latitude (February in southern parts of the range, April in Ohio and the central Appalachians).

Mating System: monogamous

Poecile carolinensis nests in holes in tree limbs or dead or decaying trees in which cavities can easily be constructed. They will also use birdhouses (especially if sawdust is provided) or cavities constructed by other bird species (such as woodpecker holes). Chickadees frequently begin construction on several cavities before focusing on only one. Both males and females work on construction of the cavity, which usually takes two weeks, but only the female will actually build the nest. The nest consists of soft natural materials, such as the female’s downy feathers, and dry plant matter, including moss. After the eggs are laid, the female will continue to add nest material to ‘blanket’ her eggs while she is away from the nest. Eggs are often hidden under this layer, making it possible to mistake an active nest with one still under construction.

Females lay a single off-white, reddish-brown spotted egg each day until they have their complete brood, between 3 and 10 eggs. Brood size may increase with increasing latitude, average brood size is 5.8. Incubation typically begins when the last egg is laid. Eggs are incubated for from 12 to 15 days (average 12.9) and hatchlings are brooded for 8 days by the female exclusively. Both parents feed the young once they've hatched. Fledging occurs 16 to 19 days after hatching, it may take up to 3 days for the entire brood to fledge. The young become independent 2 to 3 weeks after fledging, join flocks of immature chickadees, and become sexually mature in the first year following their hatching.

Breeding interval: Poecile carolinensis breeds once in the spring, there are few reports of repeat nesting.

Breeding season: Mating begins in February and continues into April.

Range eggs per season: 3 to 10.

Average eggs per season: 5.8.

Range time to hatching: 12 to 15 days.

Average time to hatching: 12.9 days.

Range fledging age: 16 to 19 days.

Range time to independence: 4 to 6 weeks.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 10 months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 10 months.

Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)

Average eggs per season: 6.

Both the male and female are partners in the rearing of young. Females alone incubate the eggs and brood the young until they are 8 days old. During the incubation period the male will feed his mate. Once hatched, the young are completely dependent upon the parents for survival. The male will feed the young for the first three or so days after hatching after which the female begins to feed them as well. Males and females protect their young against nest predation and nest parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater).

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female)

Clutch size is 3-8 (commonly 6). Incubation, by female or by both sexes, lasts 11-14 days. Young are tended by both parents, leave nest at 13-17 days.

Because it is a common species throughout its region, no efforts have focused attention on the conservation of P. carolinensis. Some local populations may be decreasing, however, while others are increasing. The increase is most often directly linked to human feeders. Additionally, urban population nesting sites decrease as wooded areas are cleared for development or municipal removal of dead and decaying trees.

US Migratory Bird Act: no special status

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: no special status

United States

Rounded National Status Rank: N5 - Secure

Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure

There are no known negative effects of P. carolinensis on humans.

Carolina chickadees are delightful birds to watch and frequently visit bird feeders. Their predation on insects, larvae, and eggs may help to control pest populations. They are known to eat certain common pest species that are often avoided by other birds, including hairy Geometridae and Arctiidae caterpillars, katydid eggs (Orthoptera), wheel bugs (Arilus), and bees and ants (Hymenoptera).

Positive Impacts: ecotourism ; controls pest population

Comments: Formerly in genus Parus; transferred to Poecile by AOU (1997). See DeBenedictis (1987, Birding 19:42-45) for review of hybridization between P. carolinensis and P. atricapillus; the two taxa hybridize freely wherever they meet and easily could be regarded as conspecific.

MtDNA haplotypes of carolinensis divide into eastern and western sets that have diverged by 3%; this population structure may correspond to the Tombigbee River/Mobile Bay disjunction known in some other vertebrate taxa (Gill et al. 1993); the pattern of mtDNA variation does not correspond well with the named subspecies. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that North American chickadees comprise two clades, hudsonicus-rufescens-sclateri versus carolinensis-atricapillus-GAMBELI, and that carolinensis and atricapillus are not sister species (Gill et al. 1993). See Sheldon et al. (1992) for DNA-DNA hybridization evidence of phylogenetic relationships among major lineages of Parus.