Table of Contents
Overview
Brief Summary
Biology
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Comprehensive Description
Description
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Distribution
Range Description
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Geographic Range
The Black-Footed Albatross is a pelagic species which is found all over the North Pacific.
(Palmer, 1962; Reilly, 1968)
Biogeographic Regions: pacific ocean (Native )
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National Distribution
Canada
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Type of Residency: Transient
United States
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Type of Residency: Breeding
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Global Range: (200,000 to >2,500,000 square km (about 80,000 to >1,000,000 square miles)) BREEDS: northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Kure east to Kaula) and on Torishima in Seven Islands of Izu (AOU 1998). Began breeding on San Benedicto Island, off the Pacific coast of Mexico, in 2000 (1 pair); apparently also nesting on Guadalupe Island, Mexico (Pitman and Ballance 2002). Formerly on northern Bonin, Volcano, Marianas and Marshall islands and Marcus, Wake and Johnston islands. RANGES: North Pacific south to Baja California, to Aleutians, Bering Sea (AOU 1998).
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Range
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Physical Description
Morphology
Physical Description
The Black-Footed Albatross is all dark grey except for some white feathers near the bill and on the underside of the tail. There is no seasonal variation in their plumage.
Average length is 27-29 inches with a wingspan of about 7 feet. Males and females are relatively monomorphic, except that the male's beak averages slightly larger. Average body weight is 7-8 pounds. (Palmer, 1962;
Reilly, 1968)
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
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Size
Ecology
Habitat
Habitat and Ecology
Systems
- Terrestrial
- Marine
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Habitat
The Black-Footed Albatross prefers vast open water and sandy beaches on islands for breeding.
(Palmer, 1962; Reilly, 1968)
Habitat Regions: saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes: pelagic
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Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 7859 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): 0 - 0
Temperature range (°C): 2.344 - 27.473
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.004 - 19.712
Salinity (PPS): 30.381 - 35.354
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.515 - 7.933
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.049 - 1.845
Silicate (umol/l): 0.901 - 37.249
Graphical representation
Temperature range (°C): 2.344 - 27.473
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.004 - 19.712
Salinity (PPS): 30.381 - 35.354
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.515 - 7.933
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.049 - 1.845
Silicate (umol/l): 0.901 - 37.249
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
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Comments: Pelagic. Frequently follows ships. Nests in sand on oceanic islands. Usually nests in same spot in successive years.
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Habitat
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Migration
Non-Migrant: No. All populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations.
Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e.g., to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites).
Locally Migrant: Yes. At least some populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km.
Seen year-round off the western U.S. coast. Northern-most populations move south during the winter. May migrate 1000s of km between breeding and nonbreeding areas. Usually leaves breeding areas in July, returns October-November (Terres 1980).
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Trophic Strategy
Food Habits
Black-Footed Albatrosses eat edible refuse of all kinds, and are sometimes called the "feathered pig." Although fond of fatty materials, this species' diet is mainly composed of fish, fish offal, fish eggs, crabs, other crustaceans, squids and galley garbage. (Palmer, 1962; Reilly, 1968)
Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Eats eggs, Scavenger )
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Comments: Fishes, sea urchins, amphipods, squids. Forages at night catching food from surface of ocean. Feeds on refuse thrown from ships. Young initially fed regurgitated stomach oil, later mainly squid (Berger 1981).
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Associations
Ecosystem Roles
The Black-Footed Albatross is one of the waste managers of the ocean. They will eat any edible floating debirs, including garbage and animal matter. (Palmer, 1962; Reilly, 1968)
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Predation
Strangely, the Black-Footed Albatross is attracted to floating objects, including the exposed dorsal fin of sharks. However, they will avoid a swimming human. Furthermore, Black-Footed Albatrosses will not approach ships in Asiatic or Aleutian waters where birds have been treated with cruelty in the past. A main predator of albatross chicks is the Norwegian rat, which eats the eggs and small chicks. Once the chick begins to fly, its main predator is the tiger shark. (Palmer, 1962)
Known Predators:
- humans (Homo sapiens)
- Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus)
- tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier)
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Known predators
Galeocerdo cuvier
Homo sapiens
Rattus norvegicus
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
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Population Biology
Number of Occurrences
Note: For many non-migratory species, occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations.
Estimated Number of Occurrences: 6 - 20
Comments: Breeds on several northwestern Hawaiian Islands, on Torishima in Seven Islands of Izu (AOU 1998), and on San Benedicto and Guadalupe Islands, Mexico (Pitman and Ballance 2002). More than half of the breeding population nests at two sites: Laysan Island and Midway Atoll.
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Global Abundance
100,000 - 1,000,000 individuals
Comments: Estimated at 124,000 individuals (IUCN 2000). The two largest colonies are at Laysan Island and Midway Atoll, Hawaii; in 1998, about 21,415 pairs nested on Laysan Island, and 20,510 pairs nested on Midway Atoll (Robbins and Dowell 2000).
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Life History and Behavior
Life Expectancy
Lifespan/Longevity
The mean life-span of the Black-Footed Albatross is thought to be about 36 years.(Palmer, 1962)
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 488 months.
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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
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Reproduction
Reproduction
The Black-Footed Albatross selects a mate early in life and remains with that mate until death. (Palmer, 1962).
Mating System: monogamous
Black-Footed Albatrosses are colonial nesters which begin copulating before arriving on their breeding grounds in October through early November. The male arrives about 20 days prior to the female to begin the nest building process and to reclaim their territory from the previous year. Once the female arrives, the pair engages in additional copulation and reinforces the pair-bond by performing the mutual display in which two birds approach and perform a rapid dance. The nest is usually on exposed, sandy beaches with many other pelagic bird species. Nest building is usually contributed to by both male and female and takes only a few hours. This nest is reused in future years. (Palmer, 1962)
When a Black-Footed Albatross hatches, the eyes are open and the nestling is covered with down, which takes about 6 hours to dry. At 2-3 months, the chick may begin to wander away from its parents' territory, but must return to the nest for feedings. The chick permanently leaves the nest at 6 months.
It is thought that Black-Footed Albatrosses do not reproduce until 9 years of age, although a mate may be selected earlier. Once a mate has been chosen, the pair remains together for life. (Palmer, 1962)
Breeding season: October through May
Range eggs per season: 1 to 1.
Range time to hatching: 63 to 67 days.
Range fledging age: 5 to 6 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 8 to 10 years.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 8 to 10 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); oviparous
The pair typically produces one egg, which the male and female incubate in turn. Once the egg has been laid, aggressive behavior between neighboring pairs increases. If the egg is lost to predation or other natural disaster, no replacement clutch is laid. The pair will wait until the next year to renest. Sometimes, wind storms bury the nest with egg or chick in sand, and the pair is forced to abandon their breeding efforts for that year.
Once the chick hatches, the parents remain at the nest at all times for 15-24 days in rotating shifts. The parent that is not on duty at the nest is responsible for gathering food. (Palmer, 1962; Reilly, 1968)
Parental Investment: altricial ; male parental care ; female parental care
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Single egg is laid mid-November to early December on Midway Island. Incubation, in long turns by both sexes, lasts 63-68 days. Young are tended by both sexes. Nestling stage lasts about 140 days. May not breed until 5+ years old. Life-long pair bond. Does not renest if egg is lost.
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Phoebastria nigripes
There are 3 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
-- end --
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Phoebastria nigripes
Public Records: 3
Species: 6
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Conservation
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Version
Year Assessed
Assessor/s
Reviewer/s
Contributor/s
Justification
History
- 2008Endangered
- 2005Endangered
- 2004Endangered
- 2003Endangered
- 2000Vulnerable
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Conservation Status
In 1996, the Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council and the US Fish and Wildlife Service held a workshop for fishermen. The workshop taught techniques and told of inexpensive equipment to use to limit the catch of albatrosses. According to the USFWS, 2,000 Black-Footed Albatrosses are killed each year by fishermen's lines. Considering the fact that albatrosses reach sexual maturity at such a late age, this loss can have a substantial impact on the species. (Tummons, 1996)
US Migratory Bird Act: protected
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: no special status
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National NatureServe Conservation Status
Canada
Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable
United States
Rounded National Status Rank: N4B - Apparently Secure
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NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded Global Status Rank: G3 - Vulnerable
Reasons: Limited number of breeding occurrences; apparent decline of almost 20 per cent 1995-2000; projected decline of greater than 20 per cent over next 3 generations (60 years).
Intrinsic Vulnerability: Moderately vulnerable
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Status
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Trends
Population
Population Trend
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Global Short Term Trend: Decline of 10-50%
Comments: There was an apparent 19% decline 1995-2000, and the World Conservation Union projects a greater than 20% decline over the next three generations (60 years; IUCN 2000).
Global Long Term Trend: Increase of 10-25% to decline of 30%
Comments: Populations probably were fairly stable in northwestern Hawaii in the early 1980s (Harrison et al. 1984), and trend data for at least the early 1990s also suggested stability (IUCN 2000).
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Threats
Threats
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Comments: Historically (until 1992) threatened by mortality from squid fishing and drift-nets. Currently, at least 3000 individuals estimated to die annually because of interactions with longline fisheries, perhaps many more (IUCN 2000). Other threats include pollution, introduced predators, oiling, ingestion of plastics, and the possibility of volcanic eruption on Torishima (IUCN 2000).
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Threats
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Management
Conservation Actions
All Hawaiian breeding localities are part of the US National Wildlife Refuge system or State of Hawaii Seabird Sanctuaries. In 1991, a 50 Nautical Mile Protected Species Zone was established around the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. No longline fishing is allowed in this zone. In 2006, the Papahânaumokuâkea Marine National Monument was established. Nearly 80% of the breeding population is counted directly or sampled every year. All sites except one have been surveyed since 19915. Hawaiian longline fishing vessels are required to use a range of measures to reduce seabird bycatch. In December 2006, the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission passed a measure to require large tuna and swordfish longline vessels to use at least two seabird bycatch mitigation measures when fishing north of 23 degrees North. The FVOA which represents the longlining captains in the halibut and sablefish fisheries along the US West Coast has instructed its members to use streamer lines when fishing in Washington, Oregan and Californian waters. Conservation Actions Proposed
Continue monitoring population trends and demographic parameters. Continue satellite-tracking studies to assess temporal and spatial overlap with longline fisheries. Adopt best-practice mitigation measures in longline fisheries within the species's range. Revaluate the location of the current boundary (23o N) for required use of seabird mitigation measures in the U.S. pelagic longline fisheries18.
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Conservation
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Wikipedia
Black-footed Albatross
The Black-footed Albatross, Phoebastria nigripes, is a large seabird from the North Pacific of the albatross family Diomedeidae. It is one of three species of albatross that range in the northern hemisphere, nesting on isolated tropical islands. Unlike many albatrosses, it is dark plumaged.
Contents |
Taxonomy
Black-footed Albatrosses are a type of Albatross that belong to Diomedeidae family and come from the Procellariiformes order, along with Shearwaters, Fulmars, Storm-petrels, and Diving-petrels. They share certain identifying features. First, they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called naricorns. Although the nostrils on the Albatross are on the sides of the bill. The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between 7 and 9 horny plates. Finally, they produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This is used against predators as well as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights.[4] They also have a salt gland that is situated above the nasal passage and helps desalinate their bodies, due to the high amount of ocean water that they imbibe. It excretes a high saline solution from their nose.[5]
The specific epithet of nigripes is derived from two Latin words, niger means black, and pes means foot.[6]
Description
The Black-footed Albatross is a small member of the family (while still large compared to most other seabirds) that has almost all black plumage. Some adults show white undertail coverts, and all adults have white markings around the base of the beak and below the eye. As the birds age they acquire more white at the base of the beak.[7][8] Its beak and feet are also all dark. They have only the one plumage.[7][9] They measure 68–74 cm (27–29 in)[10], have a wingspan of 190–220 cm (6.2–7.2 ft),[8][11][12] and weigh 2.6–4.3 kg (5.7–9.5 lb)..[13] Males, at an average weight of 3.4 kg (7.5 lb) are larger than females, at an average of 3 kg (6.6 lb).[7]
Distribution and habitat
The Black-footed Albatross, along with the Laysan Albatross and the rare Short-tailed Albatross, are the three species of albatross that range in the northern hemisphere, as opposed to the rest of the family which range from the Equator south. There are at least 12 known breeding locations. They nest colonially on isolated islands of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, from Kure Atoll to Kaula Island,[3] (such as Laysan, Midway, and the French Frigate Shoals), the Japanese islands of Tori Shima, Bonin, and Senkaku, and off the Mexican coast, primarily on Isla Guadalupe.[14] They are extirpated from the Iwo Jima, Agrihan, Taongi Atoll, Marcus Island, Wake Island, and Johnston Island.[3] Their range at sea varies during the seasons (straying farther from the breeding islands when the chicks are older or they don't have chicks) but they make use of great areas of the North Pacific, feeding from Alaska to California and Japan; however they do prefer the northeastern Pacific Ocean.[14] They overlap greatly in breeding and feeding range with the other two species of northern albatross, although the other two will range further north into the Bering Sea than the Black-footed will. They have, on occasion, been sighted in the southern hemisphere.[14]
Behavior
Their vocalization will range from shrieks and squeals whilst fighting over food to bill-clapping, whistles, groans,[9] and quacks while courting.[8]
Breeding
The Black-footed Albatross, like the rest of its family, forms long term pair-bonds that last for life. After fledging the birds return to the colony after three years, and spend two years building nests, dancing and being with prospective mates, a behaviour that probably evolved to ensure maximum trust between the birds (raising an albatross chick is a massive energetic investment, and a long courting period establishes for both birds that the other is committed). They will start reproducing after about seven years.[8]
Nests are simple depressions scraped in the sand,[14] into which one dull white with reddish brown spots egg is laid.[8][9] The egg is incubated for just over two months (65 days). Both birds incubate the egg, the male incubating more as the female leaves soon after hatching to recoup reserves used for egg-laying. The average time spent on incubating shifts is 18 days. However, mates can wait up to 38 days to be relieved, and if something happens to the mate the other has been recorded incubating for 49 days without food or water.
The chick is brooded for 20 days by its parents, after which both parents leave the nest and return to feed the chick. The chick is fed regurgitated food by sticking its bill inside that of its parent. Fledging occurs after 140 days.
Feeding
The Black-footed Albatross feeds in pelagic waters, taking fish, mostly the eggs of flying fish, squid and to a lesser extent crustaceans. It will also consume floating debris, including plastics.[8][14] It has been described as a 'floating pig' by one author for its habit of taking kitchen scraps from ships.[weasel words]
Conservation
| Breeding Location | Breeding Pair | Trend |
|---|---|---|
| Midway Atoll | 24,000 pair | -9.6% from 1992 to 2001 |
| Laysan Island | 21,000 | -9.6% from 1992 to 2001 |
| French Frigate Shoals | -9.6% from 1992 to 2001 | |
| Torishima | 1,218 | Unknown |
| Bonin Islands | 23 | Unknown |
| Islas Guadalupe | 337 | Unknown |
| Other offshore Mexican islands | 63 | unknown |
| Total | 64,500 | -60% over 56 years |
The Black-footed Albatross is considered endangered by the IUCN,[1] because it is taken incidentally by longline fishing. An estimated 4,000 are taken every year, based on the number taken in 1990; other estimates put the number at 8,000,[14] although more recent numbers are at around 6,150 per year with the majority of deaths from Taiwanese and Japanese fishing fleets. It is also vulnerable to oil and ingestion of floating plastics, which reduces the space in the stomach available for food to be brought to the chick. Finally volcanic eruptions on Torishima continues to be a threat.
The Black-footed Albatross has an occurrence range of 37,600,000 km2 (14,500,000 sq mi) and a breeding range of 28 km2 (11 sq mi), with a population of 129,000 adult birds. Of these birds 24,000 pair breed on Midway Atoll and 21,000 pair breed on Laysan Island. Torishima has 1,218 pair, the Bonin Islands have 23 pair and there are about 400 pair on offshore Mexican islands with 337 on Islas Guadalupe. All of these numbers come from estimates from 2005 to 2007.[14]
All of its nesting sites in the U.S. are protected, along with a 50 nmi (93 km) buffer zone around these islands. Within this buffer zone longline fishing is outlawed. Almost 80% of the breeding population is counted or sampled each year and most fisheries utilize seabird bycatch prevention measures.[14]
Gallery
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Phoebastria nigripes |
The dance at Midway Atoll
The dance at Midway Atoll
The dance at Midway Atoll
Black-footed albatross (Phoebastria nigripes) in flight
_in_flight.jpg)
Footnotes
- ^ a b BirdLife International (2008)
- ^ Brands, S. (2008)
- ^ a b c American Ornithologists' Union (1998)
- ^ Double, M. C. (2003)
- ^ Ehrlich, Paul R. (1988)
- ^ Gotch, A. F. (1995)
- ^ a b c Floyd, Ted (2008)
- ^ a b c d e f Udvarty, M. D. (1994)
- ^ a b c Peterson, R. T. (1961)
- ^ del Hoyo, J. Elliott, A. and Sargatal, J. Handbook of the Birds of the World Lynx Edicions, Barcelona
- ^ Dunn, J. L. & Alderfer, J. (2006)
- ^ [1] (2011)
- ^ Brooke, Michael, Albatrosses and Petrels across the World (Bird Families of the World). Oxford University Press (2004), ISBN 978-0-19-850125-1
- ^ a b c d e f g h i BirdLife International (2008)(a)
References
- American Ornithologists' Union (1998) [1983] "Procellariiformes: Diomedeidae: Albatrosses" (PDF) Check-list of North American Birds (7th ed.) Washington, D.C.: American Ornithologists' Union . pp. 11–12 . ISBN 1-891276-00-X http://www.aou.org/checklist/north/pdf/AOUchecklistTin-Falcon.pdf
- BirdLife International (2008). Phoebastria nigripes. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 10 Mar 2009.
- BirdLife International (2008(a)). "Black-footed Albatross - BirdLife Species Factsheet". Data Zone. http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3957&m=0. Retrieved 10 Mar 2009.
- Brands, Sheila (August 14, 2008). "Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification - Diomedea subg. Phoebastria -". Project: The Taxonomicon. http://www.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/101893.htm. Retrieved 22 Feb 2009.
- Double, M. C. (2003). "Procellariiformes (Tubenosed Seabirds)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J. et al. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 107–111. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
- Dunn, Jon L.; Alderfer, Jonathan (2006). "Albatrosses". In Levitt, Barbara. National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America (fifth ed.). Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-7922-5314-3.
- Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David, S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988). The Birders Handbook (First ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. pp. 29–31. ISBN 0-671-65989-8.
- Floyd, Ted (2008). "Tubenoses: Albatrosses, Shearwaters & Petrels, and Storm-petrels". In Hess, Paul; Scott, George. Smithsonian Field Guide to the Birds of North America (First ed.). New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-06-112040-4.
- Gotch, A. F. (1995) [1979]. "Albatrosses, Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels". Latin Names Explained A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals. New York, NY: Facts on File. p. 191. ISBN 0-8160-3377-3.
- Peterson, Roger T. (1961) [1941]. "Albatrosses :Diomedeidae". A Field Guide to Western Birds. Peterson Field Guide. 2 (Second ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 8. ISBN 0 395 13692.
- Udvarty, Miklos, D. F.; Farrand Jr., John. Locke, Edie. ed. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds. National Audubon Field Guide Series. Birds (Western Region) (First ed.). New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 357–358. ISBN 0-679-42851-8.
- Whittow, G. Causey. 1993. Black-footed Albatross (Diomedea nigripes). In The Birds of North America, No. 65 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, D.C.: The American Ornithologists’ Union.
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Unreviewed
Names and Taxonomy
Taxonomy
Comments: Formerly in genus Diomedea; transferred to Phoebastria by AOU (1997). Occasional hybrids between P. nigripes and P. immutabilis are reported from the Hawaiian Islands (Midway) (AOU 1983).
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