Overview
Brief Summary
Biology
Baudin's black cockatoo generally lives in pairs or small groups in summer, often forming permanent pairs, but may congregate in large flocks during winter (6) (7). In summer, the birds mostly confine themselves to karri and marri forests, where they nest in hollows or the main trunk of old, large eucalypt trees (7) (9). A clutch of one to two eggs is laid by the female and incubated for about four weeks (7). Only one chick usually survives to fledge (2) (11), leaving the nest after around 90 days (7). In forested areas, Baudin's black cockatoos mainly feed on the seeds of marri and karri (7) (10). They are also fond of ripping timber apart to get at large, wood-boring grubs, and apple and pear orchards are frequently raided for the seeds of their fruit (7) (10).
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Comprehensive Description
Description
Baudin's black cockatoo is one of the 53 native parrot species seen in the Australian skies, their wailing cries penetrating their surroundings as they fly (5) (6). Also known as the long-billed black cockatoo, this bird is very similar in appearance to Carnaby's or the short-billed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus latirostris). Both have dusky-black feathers with off-white edges, creating a pattern of thin, scale-like crescents, as well as long black tails with a broad white band, and a white cheek patch (6). The only noticeable external difference between the two species is the longer and more pointed upper mandible of Baudin's black cockatoo, as implied by their respective common names (2) (6) (7). The fine point of Baudin's black cockatoo's bill enables it to prise out the seeds of the very hard wooden fruits of the marri (Corymbia calophylla), a preferred food of the species (7) (8).
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Distribution
Range Description
Calyptorhynchus baudinii occurs in the south-west of Western Australia, Australia, mostly between Perth, Albany and Margaret River. Breeding occurs in the far south of the range, from Nornalup north to near Bridgetown, though sometimes further north to Lowden and Harvey1. The species has disappeared from c.25% of its range, and is thought to have declined in density over at least another 25%. Surveys during 1995-2004 suggest that the population is probably 10,000-15,000 individuals but that only c.10% of those birds make up the breeding population in any year2. Many birds thought to be this species in the far south of its range are in fact Carnaby's Black-cockatoo C. latirostris, which occurs in the forest areas at a ratio of 5:1 with respect to C. baudinii2. Populations are believed to be declining in response to ongoing threats.
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Range
Confined to the south-west of Western Australia, mostly between Perth, Albany and Margaret River. Breeding takes place in the far south of the range, from Nornalup north to near Bridgetown, though occasionally further north to Lowden and Harvey (9).
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Ecology
Habitat
Habitat and Ecology
Habitat and Ecology
Systems
Restricted to moist, heavily forested areas dominated by marri Eucalyptus calophylla, karri E. diversicolor and jarrah E. marginata. Its overall non-breeding range may be determined by distribution of marri, though it does occur in apple and pear orchards and occasionally in wandoo E. wandoo woodland1. The species mainly feeds on the seeds and flowers of marri, as well as the seeds of Banksia, Hakea and Dryandra species, Erodium botrys and jarrah, and additionally takes insect larvae4. It also feeds on apple and pear seeds4 and is considered a pest owing to the damage it causes when extracting seeds from crops in commercial orchards3,4. Damage to commercial fruit crops is thought to be higher during local or seasonal shortages of marri seeds, and could be related to destruction of this habitat4. The species may live for 25 to 50 years in the wild4. It breeds in large hollows of old karri, marri and jarrah1,4 within heavily forested areas1, although recent work suggests that there are very few nest sites, that breeding occurs very infrequently and that many nest hollows are being taken over by feral bees2. Breeding data has indicated that pairs raise, on average, 0.6 chicks each year. In years of poor marri seed production, the population may fail to raise any young at all4. The species has a strong association with very large (greater than 1.5m diameter) and old (230-300 years) marri trees, which may exacerbate declines2.
Systems
- Terrestrial
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Habitat
Baudin's black cockatoo is found primarily in moist, temperate forest and woodland dominated by the eucalypts marri (Corymbia calophylla), karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor) and jarrah (E. marginata), but can also be found in apple and pear orchards and occasionally in wandoo E. wandoo woodland (9) (10). Whereas this species largely occupies coastal regions, its close relative, Carnaby's cockatoo, is usually found further north and inland in drier woodlands, but there is substantial overlap (8) and in summer and autumn the two species occur in the same woodlands and forest over a large part of the range of Baudin's black cockatoo (7).
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Life History and Behavior
Life Expectancy
Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
Maximum longevity: 47 years (captivity) Observations: One specimen was still alive after 47 years in captivity (Brouwer et al. 2000).
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Calyptorhynchus baudinii
The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.
There are 4 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
Download FASTA File
There are 4 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
BWA077-06|WAus B05-113|Calyptorhynchus baudinii| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------GGTACTGCCCTA---AGCCTGCTTATTGGTGCACAACTCGGCCAACCTGGAACCTTACTAGGAGAC---GACCAAATCTATAACGTAATCGTCACGGCCCATGCTTTCGTAATAATTTTCTTTATAGTAATGCCAATCATAATTGGCGGGTTTGGAAACTGACTAGTCCCCCTTATA---ATTGGCGCCCCCGACATAGCATTCCCACGCATAAACAACATAAGCTTCTGACTACTTCCCCCCTCTTTCCTTCTCCTGTTAGCTTCATCCACAGTAGAAGCCGGAGCAGGTACAGGATGAACCGTTTACCCTCCCCTGGCAGGAAACCTAGCCCATGCTGGAGCCTCAGTAGACTTA---GCCATCTTCTCCCTCCACTTAGCAGGTGTATCCTCTATCCTAGGGGCAATCAATTTTATTACCACGGCCATTAACATAAAACCACCTGTCCTAACACAATACCAAACACCACTATTTGTCTGATCCGTCCTCATTACAGCCGTACTACTCCTCCTATCCCTCCCAGTCCTAGCTGCT---GGTATTACCATGCTCCTTACAGACCGCAACTTAAACACCACATTCTTTGACCCAGCAGGAGGAGGAGACCCAATCCTATATCAACATCTCTTCTGATTCTTCGGACACCCAGAAGTATATATCCTCATTCTACCTGGATTCGGAATCATCTCACATGTAGTA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- end --
-- end --
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Calyptorhynchus baudinii
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 4
Species: 4
Species With Barcodes: 1
Public Records: 4
Species: 4
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Conservation
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
EN
Endangered
Red List Criteria
C2a(ii)
Version
3.1
Year Assessed
2008
Assessor/s
BirdLife International
Reviewer/s
Taylor, J., Butchart, S., Dutson, G., Garnett, S.
Contributor/s
Garnett, S., Mawson, P., Chapman, T.
Justification
Despite this species having a moderately small population, only about 10% of individuals make up the breeding population, and numbers are in decline. The species is therefore listed as Endangered.
History
- 2005Endangered
- 2004Near Threatened
- 1996Vulnerable
- 1994Vulnerable
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Status
Classified as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List (1) and listed on Appendix II of CITES (3). In Australia, it is listed as Vulnerable on the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (EPBC) 1999 (4).
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Trends
Population
Population
Population Trend
The 1995-2004 surveys of the species suggest the total population is probably still 10,000-15,000 individuals but that only c.10% of those birds make up the breeding population, giving an estimate of 1,000-1,500 mature individuals (P. Mawson in litt. 2004).
Population Trend
Decreasing
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Threats
Threats
Major Threats
Up to a quarter of the species's habitat has been cleared for agriculture, with 8,933,294 m3 of marri harvested during 1976-19982. The past and present impacts of logging for marri, initially for woodchips and now for furniture grade sawlogs, are reducing the availability of food and nesting trees. The impact of logging and woodchipping has not been quantified. Although logging of old growth forest in the south-west has now stopped, habitat loss is still likely to be causing population declines, and a sawlog industry based on marri has now been proposed with a projected minimum bole log harvest of 286,000 m3 per annum2. Feral bees have been found to occupy many potential nest sites, and are known to have caused the loss of chicks and killed a brooding female2. Although the species has been fully protected since 1996, illegal shooting by orchardists still occurs2,3. It is not known whether losses from shooting exceed productivity2. Continued loss of forest to mining in some areas is also an issue, since revegetation will have no impact on conservation outcomes within the lifespan of this species2. Competition for nests from Wood Ducks Chenonetta jubatta is thought to be increasing as duck numbers increase in the south-west2.
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Threats
Up to a quarter of this species' habitat has been cleared for agriculture, causing considerable historical population declines. Logging of marri, first for woodchips and now for use in flooring and furniture, has dramatically reduced the availability of food and nesting trees. Additionally, many nest hollows have been found to be occupied by feral bees, which not only limit the bird's nest availability, but are also known to have caused the loss of chicks and killed a brooding female. Competition for nests from maned geese (Chenonetta jubatta) and Australian shelduck (Tadorna tadornoides) may also be a factor as duck numbers increase in the south-west (9) (12). Although the bird has been protected since 1996, shooting by orchard farmers still occurs (9) (10). 'Damage licenses' (shoot to scare only) can be issued allowing crop owners to “protect orchard crops” if it can be demonstrated that these cockatoos are causing damage (11) (13). Over past decades, farmers protecting their crops have probably culled thousands of these birds, and continue to do so at a reduced rate, with devastating consequences (13).
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Management
Conservation Actions
Conservation Actions
Conservation Actions Underway
CITES Appendix II. Protected under Australian law since 1996. Forest management has now changed so that woodchipping apparently ceased in 2003. Research into the breeding biology of the species is ongoing but is hampered by difficulties in finding nests2. An information sheet was produced by the Government of Western Australia in 2007, outlining the status of the species and promoting non-lethal control methods by orchardists, e.g. exclusion netting4. Conservation Actions Proposed
Prevent illegal shooting in and around commercial orchard areas and more vigorously enforce anti-shooting legislation. Assist orchardists in developing a non-lethal damage mitigation strategy. Continue to raise awareness of the species's status amongst orchardists and promote non-lethal control methods3. Develop and implement a feral bee control strategy. Retain mature and over-mature marri trees as nest and food sources as part of forest management prescriptions2. Develop a repeatable population monitoring technique. Initiate monitoring in different parts of range.
CITES Appendix II. Protected under Australian law since 1996. Forest management has now changed so that woodchipping apparently ceased in 2003. Research into the breeding biology of the species is ongoing but is hampered by difficulties in finding nests2. An information sheet was produced by the Government of Western Australia in 2007, outlining the status of the species and promoting non-lethal control methods by orchardists, e.g. exclusion netting4. Conservation Actions Proposed
Prevent illegal shooting in and around commercial orchard areas and more vigorously enforce anti-shooting legislation. Assist orchardists in developing a non-lethal damage mitigation strategy. Continue to raise awareness of the species's status amongst orchardists and promote non-lethal control methods3. Develop and implement a feral bee control strategy. Retain mature and over-mature marri trees as nest and food sources as part of forest management prescriptions2. Develop a repeatable population monitoring technique. Initiate monitoring in different parts of range.
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Conservation
Baudin's black cockatoo is listed under Appendix II of CITES, limiting international trade in the species (3), and it is illegal to take these birds from the wild, with a penalty of up to a maximum of $10,000 for such an offence (12) (13). This cockatoo is given special protection under Western Australia's Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (4) and has been protected under Australian law since 1996 (9). Forest management has now changed so that woodchipping practices ceased in 2003 (9) (10). However, the bird still clings to a precarious existence, and further conservation measures are desperately required to safeguard its future, including: making all shooting by commercial orchard farmers illegal; developing non-lethal methods of damage control; developing and implementing a feral bee control strategy; and protecting mature marri trees, relied upon so heavily as nest and food sources by this rare endemic bird (9). A Recovery Plan is also being prepared to help conserve this species (12).
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Wikipedia
Long-billed Black Cockatoo
The Long-billed Black Cockatoo, also known as the White-tailed Black Cockatoo or Baudin's Black Cockatoo[2] (Calyptorhynchus baudinii) is a cockatoo endemic to south-western Australia, closely associated to moist, heavily forested areas dominated by Marri (Corymbia calophylla).
The binomial commemorates the French explorer Nicolas Baudin.
Contents |
Description
The Long-billed Black Cockatoo is about 56 cm (22 in) long. It is mostly dark-grey with narrow vague light-grey scalloping, which is produced by narrow pale-grey margins at the tip of dark-grey feathers. It has a crest of short feathers on its head, and it has whitish patches of feathers that cover its ears. Its lateral tail feathers are white with black tips, and the central tail feathers are all black. The irises are dark brown and the legs are brown-grey. Its beak is longer and narrower than that of the Short-billed Black Cockatoo.[3]
The adult male has a dark grey beak and pink eye-rings. The adult female has a bone coloured beak, grey eye-rings, and its ear patches are paler than that of the male. Juveniles have a bone coloured beak, grey eye-rings, and have less white in the tail feathers.[3]
One individual had reached an age of 47 years by 1996.[4]
References
- ^ BirdLife International (2008). Calyptorhynchus baudinii. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 18 May 2009. Database entry includes justification for why this species is endangered
- ^ Christidis, Les and Walter E. Boles (2008) Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6
- ^ a b Forshaw (2006). plate 1.
- ^ Brouwer K, Jones M, King C, Schifter H (2000). "Longevity records for Psittaciformes in captivity". International Zoo Yearbook 37: 299–316. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.2000.tb00735.x.
Cited texts
- Forshaw, Joseph M. (2006). Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide. Illustrated by Frank Knight. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09251-6.
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