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Overview
Comprehensive Description
Biology
Inhabits channel and lagoon reef slopes, in coral-rich areas (Ref. 9710). Occurs singly (Ref. 9710).
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Myers, R.F. 1991 Micronesian reef fishes. Second Ed. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam. 298 p. (Ref. 1602)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=1602&speccode=4306
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Distribution
Western Pacific: Philippines, Java (Indonesia), Ryukyu Islands, and Palau.
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Myers, R.F. 1991 Micronesian reef fishes. Second Ed. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam. 298 p. (Ref. 1602)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=1602&speccode=4306
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Range Description
This species is found in the central west Pacific from the Philippines to Indonesia: northwestern Java, Komodo (Beger and Turak 2008), Halmahera (Green and Muljadi 2009) and western Papua (Raja Ampat, Fak-Fak and Kaimana) (Allen and Erdmann 2009), northwards to Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands and eastward to Chuuk, Micronesia. It was also recorded in Hong Kong as Scarus sp. 2 (Sadovy and Cornish 2000).
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Physical Description
Morphology
Dorsal spines (total): 9; Dorsal soft rays (total): 10; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 9
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Myers, R.F. 1991 Micronesian reef fishes. Second Ed. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam. 298 p. (Ref. 1602)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=1602&speccode=4306
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Size
Max. size
40.0 cm TL (male/unsexed; (Ref. 48636))
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Kuiter, R.H. and T. Tonozuka 2001 Pictorial guide to Indonesian reef fishes. Part 2. Fusiliers - Dragonets, Caesionidae - Callionymidae. Zoonetics, Australia. 304-622 p. (Ref. 48636)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=48636&speccode=25049
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Diagnostic Description
Males are easily recognized by the bright orange patch. Females are similar to males but lack orange (Ref. 48636).
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Myers, R.F. 1991 Micronesian reef fishes. Second Ed. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam. 298 p. (Ref. 1602)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=1602&speccode=4306
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Type Information
Type for Chlorurus bowersi
Catalog Number: USNM 62950
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Fishes
Preparation: Illustration
Collector(s): C. Gilbert, J. Snyder, M. Sindo, H. Heath, C. Burke, H. Torrey & A. Clark
Year Collected: 1906
Locality: Naha, Okinawa, Japan., Okinawa, Japan, Ryukyu Islands, Pacific
Vessel: Albatross
Catalog Number: USNM 62950
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Fishes
Preparation: Illustration
Collector(s): C. Gilbert, J. Snyder, M. Sindo, H. Heath, C. Burke, H. Torrey & A. Clark
Year Collected: 1906
Locality: Naha, Okinawa, Japan., Okinawa, Japan, Ryukyu Islands, Pacific
Vessel: Albatross
- Type: Snyder, J. O. 1909. Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 36 (1688): 602.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Fishes
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Ecology
Habitat
Habitat and Ecology
Habitat and Ecology
Systems
This species is similar to sister species Chlorurus bleekeri. It inhabits sheltered to moderately exposed reef flats and fronts (J.H. Choat pers comm. 2009). It is a small, solitary excavating parrotfish generally found in pairs. It inhabits coral reefs and adjacent rubble bottoms (G. Allen pers comm. 2009).
Generation length justification: 14 (longevity) - 2 (age of maturity) = 7/2 = 3.5 or 4 years
Generation length justification: 14 (longevity) - 2 (age of maturity) = 7/2 = 3.5 or 4 years
Systems
- Marine
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Trophic Strategy
Inhabits channel and lagoon reef slopes, in coral-rich areas (Ref. 9710). Occurs singly (Ref. 9710). Also Ref. 58652.
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Ochavillo, D.G., P.I. Dixon and P.M. Aliño 1992 The daily food ration of parrotfishes in the fringing reefs of Bolinao, Pangasinan, Northwestern Philippines. Proc. 7th Int. Coral Reef Symp., Guam 2:927-933. (Ref. 43166)
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=43166&speccode=5542
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Conservation
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
NT
Near Threatened
Red List Criteria
Version
3.1
Year Assessed
2010
Assessor/s
Choat, J.H., Carpenter, K.E., Clements, K.D., Rocha, L.A., Russell, B., Myers, R., Lazuardi, M.E., Muljadi, A., Pardede, S. & Rahardjo, P.
Reviewer/s
McIlwain, J. & Craig, M.T.
Contributor/s
Justification
This species has a relatively restricted range and occurs in low densities in the Indo-Pacific. In over 90% of its distribution, it is subject to heavy fishing pressure and it is expected that this pressure is likely to increase. It has experienced 50–60% declines in the past 20–30 years in at least one part of its range in the central Philippines. Fishing pressure will undoubtedly continue to increase throughout its range. Although declines in other parts of its range are not well-known, based on estimates in the central Philippines, it is estimated that over the next 15 years (three generation lengths), global population declines will approach 30%. It is therefore listed as Near Threatened.
Although there are numerous marine reserves in the Coral Triangle Region at the present time, most reserves are not very well managed. However, in well-managed reserves parrotfishes tend to recover comparatively quickly and therefore increased management in protected areas and potentially fishery protection might offset the overexploitation of this species. More research is needed on this species' habitat specific behaviour, population biology, and population status.
Although there are numerous marine reserves in the Coral Triangle Region at the present time, most reserves are not very well managed. However, in well-managed reserves parrotfishes tend to recover comparatively quickly and therefore increased management in protected areas and potentially fishery protection might offset the overexploitation of this species. More research is needed on this species' habitat specific behaviour, population biology, and population status.
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Trends
Population
Population
Population Trend
This species is solitary and relatively rare in central Philippines (Stockwell et al. 2009). Abundance estimates record 0.5–1 kg per 500 m² (Stockwell et al. 2009). This species is occasionally found in Raja Ampat (Allen 2003).
There was a slight decrease observed in Karimunjawa, Indonesia from 2005–2007. In Karimunjawa this species was observed to be common but not abundant (S. Pardede pers comm. 2009).
There was a slight decrease observed in Karimunjawa, Indonesia from 2005–2007. In Karimunjawa this species was observed to be common but not abundant (S. Pardede pers comm. 2009).
Population Trend
Unknown
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Threats
Near Threatened (NT)
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IUCN 2006 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded July 2006.
http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=57073
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Major Threats
This species is caught for food and is heavily fished throughout its range along with other parrotfishes. Increased fishing pressures and habitat disturbance are its major threats. Moreover, its rarity makes it susceptible to overfishing. In the Philippines, it is exploited to at least the same level as C. bleekeri, which has experienced 50–60% declines (Stockwell et al. 2009) over a period of approximately 20–30 years.
Fishing pressure has increased and will undoubtedly continue to increase throughout its range. Based on estimates in the central Philippines (Stockwell et al. 2009), it is estimated that over the next 15 years, population declines will approach 30%.
Fishing pressure has increased and will undoubtedly continue to increase throughout its range. Based on estimates in the central Philippines (Stockwell et al. 2009), it is estimated that over the next 15 years, population declines will approach 30%.
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Management
Conservation Actions
Conservation Actions
There are no species-specific conservation measures in place for this species. Its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range. However, unlike its sister species C. bleekeri, its range does not include reef areas which are well protected by marine reserves and it generally does not exist in areas where it is not exploited.
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