Euphorbia heterophylla — Details

Poinsettia heterophylla (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke:
United States (North America)
Peru (South America)

Long, R. W. & O. K. Lakela. 1971. Fl. Trop. Florida i–xvii, 1–962. University of Miami Press, Coral Cables. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1506
Small, J. K. 1933. Man. S.E. Fl. i–xxii, 1–1554. Published by the Author, New York. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1515
Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. (eds.) 1993. Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45: i–xl, 1–1286. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/7728

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Euphorbia heterophylla L.:
Belize (Mesoamerica)
Brazil (South America)
Costa Rica (Mesoamerica)
Ecuador (South America)
El Salvador (Mesoamerica)
French Guiana (South America)
Gabon (Africa & Madagascar)
Guatemala (Mesoamerica)
Guyana (South America)
Honduras (Mesoamerica)
India (Asia)
Mexico (Mesoamerica)
Madagascar (Africa & Madagascar)
Panama (Mesoamerica)
Peru (South America)
Paraguay (South America)
Suriname (South America)
United States (North America)
Venezuela (South America)
Caribbean (Caribbean)
South Africa (Africa & Madagascar)
Bolivia (South America)
China (Asia)
Argentina (South America)

Forzza, R. C. & et al. 2010. 2010 Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/100002289
Cowan, C. P. 1983. Flora de Tabasco. Listados Floríst. México 1: 1–123. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/511
Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1103
Molina Rosito, A. 1975. Enumeración de las plantas de Honduras. Ceiba 19(1): 1–118. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/866
Killeen, T. J. & T. S. Schulenberg. 1998. A biological assessment of Parque Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado, Bolivia. RAP Working Papers 10: 1–372. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1012086
Funk, V. A., P. E. Berry, S. Alexander, T. H. Hollowell & C. L. Kelloff. 2007. Checklist of the Plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55: 1–584. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1033072
ORSTOM. 1988. List Vasc. Pl. Gabon Herbier National du Gabon, Yaounde. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1671
Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Choripetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 2. 655 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1704
Macbride, J. F. 1951. Euphorbiaceae, Flora of Peru. Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3A/1): 3–200. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/674
Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. Welman, E. Reitief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. v. Wyk & A. Nicholas. 1987. List of species of southern African plants. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa 2(1–2): 1–152(pt. 1), 1–270(pt. 2). http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1371
D'Arcy, W. G. 1987. Flora of Panama. Checklist and Index. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 17(1): i–xxx,. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1289
Correa A., M. D., C. Galdames & M. N. S. Stapf. 2004. Cat. Pl. Vasc. Panamá 1–599. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1031911
Hokche, O., P. E. Berry & O. Huber. 2008. Nuev. Cat. Fl. Vas. Venezuela 1–860. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1033110
Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez. (eds.) 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: i–viii, 1–1181. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/42250
Breedlove, D. E. 1986. Flora de Chiapas. Listados Floríst. México 4: i–v, 1–246. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/513
Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1493
Sousa Sánchez, M. & E. F. Cabrera Cano. 1983. Flora de Quintana Roo. Listados Floríst. México 2: 1–100. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/512
Reyes-García, A. & M. Sousa Sánchez. 1997. Depresión central de Chiapas. La selva baja caducifolia. Listados Floríst. México 17: 1–41. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1010515
Ibarra-Manriquez, G. & S. S. Colin. 1995. Lista floristica comentada de la Estacion de Biologia Tropical "Los Tuxtlas", Veracruz, Mexico. Revista Biol. Trop. 43(1–3): 75–115. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1001850
Martínez Salas, E. M., M. Sousa Sánchez & C. H. Ramos Álvarez. 2001. Región de Calakmul, Campeche. Listados Floríst. México 22: 1–55. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1018508
Dodson, C. H., A. H. Gentry & F. M. Valverde Badillo. 1985. Fl. Jauneche 1–512. Banco Central del Ecuador, Quito. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/44748
Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2008. Fl. China 11: 1–622. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1032358
Burger, W. & M. Huft. 1995. Family 113 Euphorbiaceae. Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 36: 1–169. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1001680
Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1949. Euphorbiaceae. In: P. C. Standley & J. A. Steyermark (eds.), Flora of Guatemala---Part VI. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 25–170. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/6456
González Ramírez, J. 2010. Euphorbiaceae. En: Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica. Vol. 5. B.E. Hammel, M.H. Grayum, C. Herrera & N. Zamora (eds.). Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 119: 290–394. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/100003920
Pérez, A., M. Sousa Sánchez, A. M. Hanan-Alipi, F. Chiang Cabrera & P. Tenorio L. 2005. Vegetación terrestre. 65–110. In Biodivers. Tabasco. CONABIO-UNAM, México. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1030034
Novelo, A. & L. Ramos. 2005. Vegetación acuática. Cap. 5: 111–144. In Biodivers. Tabasco. CONABIO-UNAM, México. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1030036
Balick, M. J., M. Nee & D. E. Atha. 2000. Checklist of the vascular plants of Belize. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 85: i–ix, 1–246. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1014725
Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. (eds.) 1993. Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45: i–xl, 1–1286. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/7728

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Euphorbia taiwaniana S.S. Ying:
Taiwan (Asia)

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/9990002

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Euphorbia prunifolia Jacq.:
Bolivia (South America)

Foster, R. C. 1958. A catalogue of the ferns and flowering plants of Bolivia. Contr. Gray Herb. 184: 1–223. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1313

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Euphorbia heterophylla var. heterophylla :
United States (North America)

Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/636
Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1327

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Poinsettia geniculata Small:
United States (North America)
South Africa (Africa & Madagascar)

Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. Welman, E. Reitief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. v. Wyk & A. Nicholas. 1987. List of species of southern African plants. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa 2(1–2): 1–152(pt. 1), 1–270(pt. 2). http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1371
Small, J. K. 1933. Man. S.E. Fl. i–xxii, 1–1554. Published by the Author, New York. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1515

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Euphorbia pandurata Huber:
Madagascar (Africa & Madagascar)

Leandri, J. 1935. Euphorbiaceae. Cat. Pl. Madag., Euphorb. 2(23): 1–51. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1893

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Euphorbia morisoniana Klotzsch:
Panama (Mesoamerica)

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/9990002

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Euphorbia geniculata Ortega:
Bolivia (South America)

Foster, R. C. 1958. A catalogue of the ferns and flowering plants of Bolivia. Contr. Gray Herb. 184: 1–223. http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1313

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National Distribution

United States

Origin: Native

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

Type of Residency: Year-round

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Global Range: WI, to SD, south to FL and AZ, and tropical America.

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Distribution

Native of central America, now a pantropical weed.

Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal @ eFloras.org

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Physical Description

Morphology

Description

Herbs, annual, erect to 1 m tall, often tinged red. Stem glabrous to sparsely pilose at apex, hollow. Leaves alternate; stipules purplish glands, fairly conspicuous; petiole to 2(-4) cm; leaf blade ovate, to 12 × 6 cm, abaxially pilose especially on midrib and veins, glabrescent, adaxially glabrous to sparsely pilose near margin, base cuneate, margin with minute distant gland-tipped teeth, apex obtuse. Cymes terminal and axillary, each forking ca. 5 times, cyathia densely clustered; basal bracts similar to leaves but paler green, progressively smaller. Cyathia ca. 3.5 × 2.5 mm; involucre barrel-shaped, glabrous; gland ca. 1 mm, funnel-shaped, opening circular, ca. 1.2 mm across, often red-rimmed; lobes ca. 1.3 mm, subcircular, deeply toothed with minutely ciliate margins. Male flowers: bracteoles few, ligulate, feathery; stamens ca. 4 mm. Female flower: ovary pedicellate, glabrous or occasionally minutely puberulent, perianth forming an obvious rim; styles ca. 1 mm, occasionally minutely puberulent, bifid to halfway. Fruiting pedicel reflexed to 6 mm; capsule exserted, ca. 4.5 × 5.5 mm, deeply 3-lobed. Seeds conical, ca. 2.6 × 2.4 mm, apex acute, bluntly warty, blackish brown.

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Elevation Range

760-1100 m

Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal @ eFloras.org

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Diagnostic Description

Synonym

Euphorbia epilobiifolia W. T. Wang; E. geniculata OrtE. taiwaniana S. S. Ying; Poinsettia geniculata (Ortega) Klotzsch & Garcke var. heterophylla (Linnaeus) Klotzsch & Garcke.

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Ecology

Habitat

Comments: Alluvial soils, thickets, open or rocky woods, glades and among railroads, often in shade.

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Habitat & Distribution

Weed of cultivation and other disturbed areas. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [native to America, now pantropical].

Flora of China @ eFloras.org

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Conservation

Conservation Status

National NatureServe Conservation Status

United States

Rounded National Status Rank: N5 - Secure

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NatureServe Conservation Status

Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure

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Wikipedia

Euphorbia heterophylla

Euphorbia heterophylla, also known under the common names of (Mexican) fireplant, painted euphorbia, desert poinsettia, wild poinsettia, fire on the mountain, paint leaf and kaliko plant, is a plant belonging to the Euphorbiaceae or spurge family. This plant has many synonyms; one of the most common is Euphorbia cyathophora.

1 Distribution
2 Description
3 Toxicity
4 References

Distribution

It is a native plant of Mexico, and its original distribution includes an area spreading from California to east Texas and to much of Central America.

This plant has spread to South and Southeast Asia, having become a weed in India and Thailand, where it has invaded cotton fields and other agricultural terrain. In Thailand, it is called "ลูกเขยตายแม่ยายทำศพ" (RTGS: Luk Khoei Tai Mae Yai Tham Sop), which literally means 'The funeral of a son-in-law is the responsibility of the mother-in-law".^[1]

Introduced for ornamental purposes, it quickly spreads, becoming a common sight by the side of the roads and rural pathways.

Description

Water droplets on Euphorbia heterophylla

It is a hardy, ruderal species, growing between 30 and 70 cm in height. The leaves at the upper end of the stalk, close to the cyathium, have a striking, scarlet red coloration.^[2] Leaves are mainly 2-4 lobed and 4–7 cm long by 1.5–3 cm wide. Their contrast with the lower dark green leaves gives this euphorbia most of its common names.

The stalk exudes a toxic milky white sap. The cyathia or false flowers, are located in clusters at the head of the stalk and are yellowish green. They have no petals, the red color being part of the young leaves' coloration. The fruits are small, segmented capsules.

This plant often loses its coloration when it grows wild as a weed. It is resistant to herbicide.^[3]

Toxicity

Toxicity is documented in most members of the genus Euphorbia. Individuals sensitive to latex are known to have strong reactions, including dermatitis and anaphylaxis, to the sap exuded by this plant.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Euphorbia heterophylla

^ "พจนานุกรม ฉบับราชบัณฑิตยสถาน พ.ศ. 2542". ราชบัณฑิตยสถาน. ม.ป.ป.. http://rirs3.royin.go.th/dictionary.asp. Retrieved 15 พฤศจิกายน 2554.
^ Good picture of a mainstream variety
^ Herbicide Resistant Weeds

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