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Overview
Distribution
Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze:
American Samoa (Oceania)
Angola (Africa & Madagascar)
Argentina (South America)
Australia (Oceania)
Belize (Mesoamerica)
Bioko (Africa & Madagascar)
Burkina (Africa & Madagascar)
Bolivia (South America)
Brazil (South America)
Congo (Brazzaville) (Africa & Madagascar)
Chile (South America)
Cook Isl (Oceania)
Cameroon (Africa & Madagascar)
Colombia (South America)
Costa Rica (Mesoamerica)
Germany (Europe)
Ecuador (South America)
Mexico (Mesoamerica)
United States (North America)
Hawaiian Isl (Oceania)
Panama (Mesoamerica)
Fiji (Oceania)
Marshall Isl (Oceania)
Caribbean (Caribbean)
Gabon (Africa & Madagascar)
Midway Isl (Oceania)
Ghana (Africa & Madagascar)
Peru (South America)
Sierra Leone (Africa & Madagascar)
Kenya (Africa & Madagascar)
Tonga (Oceania)
French Guiana (South America)
Honduras (Mesoamerica)
New Zealand (Oceania)
Senegal (Africa & Madagascar)
Suriname (South America)
Canary Islands (Africa & Madagascar)
Nicaragua (Mesoamerica)
Portugal (Europe)
Uruguay (South America)
Equatorial Guinea (Africa & Madagascar)
Guyana (South America)
Liberia (Africa & Madagascar)
Italy (Europe)
Morocco (Africa & Madagascar)
France (Europe)
Mozambique (Africa & Madagascar)
New Caledonia (Oceania)
Society Isl (Oceania)
Spain (Europe)
Venezuela (South America)
Guatemala (Mesoamerica)
Ivory Coast (Africa & Madagascar)
Guinea (Africa & Madagascar)
Paraguay (South America)
Ethiopia (Africa & Madagascar)
South Africa (Africa & Madagascar)
Zaire (Africa & Madagascar)
Zimbabwe (Africa & Madagascar)
China (Asia)
American Samoa (Oceania)
Angola (Africa & Madagascar)
Argentina (South America)
Australia (Oceania)
Belize (Mesoamerica)
Bioko (Africa & Madagascar)
Burkina (Africa & Madagascar)
Bolivia (South America)
Brazil (South America)
Congo (Brazzaville) (Africa & Madagascar)
Chile (South America)
Cook Isl (Oceania)
Cameroon (Africa & Madagascar)
Colombia (South America)
Costa Rica (Mesoamerica)
Germany (Europe)
Ecuador (South America)
Mexico (Mesoamerica)
United States (North America)
Hawaiian Isl (Oceania)
Panama (Mesoamerica)
Fiji (Oceania)
Marshall Isl (Oceania)
Caribbean (Caribbean)
Gabon (Africa & Madagascar)
Midway Isl (Oceania)
Ghana (Africa & Madagascar)
Peru (South America)
Sierra Leone (Africa & Madagascar)
Kenya (Africa & Madagascar)
Tonga (Oceania)
French Guiana (South America)
Honduras (Mesoamerica)
New Zealand (Oceania)
Senegal (Africa & Madagascar)
Suriname (South America)
Canary Islands (Africa & Madagascar)
Nicaragua (Mesoamerica)
Portugal (Europe)
Uruguay (South America)
Equatorial Guinea (Africa & Madagascar)
Guyana (South America)
Liberia (Africa & Madagascar)
Italy (Europe)
Morocco (Africa & Madagascar)
France (Europe)
Mozambique (Africa & Madagascar)
New Caledonia (Oceania)
Society Isl (Oceania)
Spain (Europe)
Venezuela (South America)
Guatemala (Mesoamerica)
Ivory Coast (Africa & Madagascar)
Guinea (Africa & Madagascar)
Paraguay (South America)
Ethiopia (Africa & Madagascar)
South Africa (Africa & Madagascar)
Zaire (Africa & Madagascar)
Zimbabwe (Africa & Madagascar)
China (Asia)
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Beetle, A. A. 1977. Noteworthy grasses from Mexico V. Phytologia 37(4): 317–407.
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Pittier, H., T. Lasser, L. Schnee, Z. L. Febres & V. Badillo. 1945. Gramineae, IN: Catalogo de la Flora Venezolana. Conf. Interamer. Agricultura, Caracas 1: 75–119.
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Gould, F. W. & R. Moran. 1981. The grasses of Baja California, Mexico. Mem. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 12: 1–140.
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Kucera, C. L. 1998. The Grasses of Missouri 305 pp., University of Missouri Press, Colombia.
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McVaugh, R. 1983. Gramineae. 14: 1–436. In R. McVaugh Fl. Novo-Galiciana. The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
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Hitchcock, A. S. 1936. Man. Grasses W. Ind. 1–439. United States Government Printing Office, Washington.
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Reeder, J. R. & C. G. Reeder. 1971. Gramineae. Grass family. 823–892. In I. L. Wiggins & D. M. Porter Fl. Galápagos Isl. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
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Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. Welman, E. Reitief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. v. Wyk & A. Nicholas. 1987. List of species of southern African plants. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa 2(1–2): 1–152(pt. 1), 1–270(pt. 2).
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D'Arcy, W. G. 1987. Flora of Panama. Checklist and Index. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 17(1): i–xxx,.
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Long, R. W. & O. K. Lakela. 1971. Fl. Trop. Florida i–xvii, 1–962. University of Miami Press, Coral Cables.
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Correa A., M. D., C. Galdames & M. N. S. Stapf. 2004. Cat. Pl. Vasc. Panamá 1–599. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama.
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Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez. (eds.) 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: i–viii, 1–1181.
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Breedlove, D. E. 1986. Flora de Chiapas. Listados Floríst. México 4: i–v, 1–246.
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Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
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Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
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Sousa Sánchez, M. & E. F. Cabrera Cano. 1983. Flora de Quintana Roo. Listados Floríst. México 2: 1–100.
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Small, J. K. 1933. Man. S.E. Fl. i–xxii, 1–1554. Published by the Author, New York.
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Wiggins, I. L. & D. M. Porter. 1971. Fl. Galápagos Isl. i–xx, 1–998. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
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Dodson, C. H. & A. H. Gentry. 1978. Flora of the Río Palenque Science Center: Los Ríos Province, Ecuador. Selbyana 4(1–6): i–xxx, 1–628.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/105
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Nelson, C. & G. R. Proctor. 1994. Vascular plants of the Caribbean Swan Islands of Honduras. Brenesia 41–42: 73–80.
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Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/1717
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Munz, P. A. 1974. Fl. S. Calif. 1–1086. University of California Press, Berkeley.
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Davidse, G., M. Sousa Sánchez & A. O. Chater. (eds.) 1994. Alismataceae a Cyperaceae. Fl. Mesoamer. 6: i–xvi, 1–543.
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Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2006. Fl. China 22: 1–733. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.
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Liogier, H. & L. Martorell. 1982. Fl. Puerto Rico Adj. Islands 1–342. Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, Río Piedras.
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Zuloaga, F. O., E. G. Nicora, Z. E. R. Agrasar, O. Morrone, J. Pensiero & A. M. Cialdella. 1994. Catálogo de la familia Poaceae en la República Argentina. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 47: i–xi, 1–178.
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Pohl, R. W. 1980. Family 15. Gramineae. In: W. C. Burger, (ed.), Flora Costaricensis. Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 4: 1–608.
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Renvoize, S. A. 1998. Gram. Bolivia i–xxx, 1–644. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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Barkworth, M. E., K. M. Capels, S. Long & M. B. Piep. 2003. Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2. 25: i–xxv, 1–783. In Fl. N. Amer. Oxford University Press, New York.
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Phillips, S. 1995. Poaceae (Gramineae). Fl. Ethiopia 7: i–xx, 1–420.
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Zon, A. P. M. v. 1992. Graminées du Cameroun. Wageningen Agric. Univ. Pap. 92–1(2): 1–557.
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Renvoize, S. A. 1988. Hatschbach's Paraná Grass. 1–76. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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Smith, L. B., D. C. Wasshausen & R. M. Klein. 1982. Gramíneas. Gêneros: 45. Deschampsia até 84. Pseudechinolaena. 1(GRAM): 443–906. In R. Reitz Fl. Il. Catarin. Herbário "Barbarosa Rodrigues", Itajaí, Brasil.
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Morrone, O., A. M. Anton & F. O. Zuloaga. 1995. Axonopus. 19(1): 11–16. In Fl. Fan. Argent. Museo Botánico, IMBIV, Córdoba.
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Longhi-Wagner, H. M., V. Bittich, M. d. L. Wanderley & G. J. Shepherd. 2001. Poaceae. Fl. Fanerogam. Estado Sao Paulo 1: i–xxv, 1–292.
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Rosengurtt, B., B. R. A. Maffei & P. I. Artucio. 1970. Gram. Urug. [i–vii], 1–489. Universidad de la República, Montevideo.
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Burkart, A. 1969. Gramíneas. 2: 1–551. In A. Burkart Fl. Il. Entre Ríos. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires.
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Swallen, J. R. 1955. Gramineae. In: P. C. Standley & J. A. Steyermark (eds.), Flora of Guatemala---Part II. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(2): i–ix, 1–390.
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Fabris, H. A. 1970. Phyllostachys. In: A. L. Cabrera (ed.), Gramíneas. 4(2): 35. In A. L. Cabrera Fl. Prov. Buenos Aires. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires.
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Gould, F. W. 1979. Poaceae. In R. A. Howard (ed.). Fl. Lesser Antilles 3: 25–220.
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Sauer, J. D. 1972. Revision of Stenotaphrum (Gramineae: Paniceae) with attention to its historical geography. Brittonia 24(2): 202–222.
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Zuloaga, F. O. & O. Morrone. 2003. Stenotaphrum. In Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): III. Subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46: 608–609.
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Pohl, R. W. 1994. 134. Stenotaphrum Trin. Fl. Mesoamer. 6: 364.
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Stone, B. C. 1966. Polyscias verticillata (Araliaceae), a new species from the Solomon Islands. J. Arnold Arbor. 47(3): 270–272.
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Pérez, A., M. Sousa Sánchez, A. M. Hanan-Alipi, F. Chiang Cabrera & P. Tenorio L. 2005. Vegetación terrestre. 65–110. In Biodivers. Tabasco. CONABIO-UNAM, México.
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Balick, M. J., M. Nee & D. E. Atha. 2000. Checklist of the vascular plants of Belize. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 85: i–ix, 1–246.
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© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
Source:
Missouri Botanical Garden
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Döll, J. C. 1877. Gramineae I. Paniceae. 2(2B): 34–342, t. 12–49. In C. F. P. von Martius Fl. Bras. F. Fleischer, Monachii et Lipsiae.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/25886
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
Source:
Missouri Botanical Garden
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Stenotaphrum glabrum Trin.:
Brazil (South America)
Paraguay (South America)
Suriname (South America)
Uruguay (South America)
Brazil (South America)
Paraguay (South America)
Suriname (South America)
Uruguay (South America)
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Döll, J. C. 1877. Gramineae I. Paniceae. 2(2B): 34–342, t. 12–49. In C. F. P. von Martius Fl. Bras. F. Fleischer, Monachii et Lipsiae.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/25886
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
Source:
Missouri Botanical Garden
Trusted
National Distribution
United States
Origin: Unknown/Undetermined
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
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Physical Description
Morphology
Physical Description
Perennials, Terrestrial, not aquatic, Stolons or runners present, Stems trailing, spreading or prostrate, Stems nodes swollen or brittle, Stems mat or turf forming, Stems terete, round in cross section, or polygonal, Stems compressed, flattened, or sulcate, Stems branching above base or distally at nodes, Stem internodes solid or spongy, Stems with inflorescence less than 1 m tall, Stems, culms, or scapes exceeding basal leaves, Leaves mostly cauline, Leaves conspicuously 2-ranked, distichous, Leaves pseudo-petiolate, petiole attached to sheath, Leaves sheathing at base, Leaf sheath mostly open, or loose, Leaf sheath hairy , hispid or prickly, Leaf sheath or blade keeled, Leaf sheath and blade differentiated, Leaf blades disarticulating from sheath, deciduous at ligule, Leaf blades linear, Leaf blades 2-10 mm wide, Leaf blades mostly flat, Leaf blade margins folded, involute, or conduplicate, Leaf blades mostly glabrous, Ligule present, Ligule a fringe of hairs, Inflorescence terminal, Inflorescence a dense slender spike-like panicle or raceme, branches contracted, Inflorescence solitary, with 1 spike, fascicle, glomerule, head, or cluster per stem or culm, Inflorescence single raceme, fascicle or spike, Inflorescence with 2-10 branches, Inflorescence spikelets arranged in a terminal bilateral spike, Inflorescence branches 1-sided, Rachis dilated, flat, central axis to which spikelets are attached, Rachis enlarged, corky, Flowers bisexual, Spikelets pedicellate, Spikelets sessile or subsessile, Spikelets dorsally compressed or terete, Spikelet less than 3 mm wide, Spikelets with 1 fertile fl oret, Spikelets with 2 florets, Spikelets solitary at rachis nodes, Spikelets all alike and fertille, Spikelets bisexual, Spikelets falling with parts of disarticulating rachis or pedicel, Inflorescence branches deciduous, falling intact, Entire inflorescence falling intact, as a tumbleweed, Spikelets secund, in rows on one side of rachis, Spikelets closely appressed or embedded in concave portions of axis, Rachilla or pedicel glabrous, Glumes present, empty bracts, Glumes 2 clearly present, Glumes distinctly unequal, Glumes equal to or longer than adjacent lemma, Glumes 8-15 nerved, Lemmas thin, chartaceous, hyaline, cartilaginous, or membranous, Lemma 5-7 nerved, Lemma glabrous, Lemma apex acute or acuminate, Lemma awnless, Lemma margins thin, lying flat, Lemma straight, Palea present, well developed, Palea membranous, hyaline, Palea longer than lemma, Palea 2 nerved or 2 keeled, Stamens 3, Styles 1, Stigmas 2, Fruit - caryopsis.
Dr. David Bogler
Source:
USDA NRCS PLANTS Database
Trusted
Comments
This grass is widely cultivated in the moist tropics as a lawn grass (St. Augustine Grass).
- Flora of China @ eFloras.org
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Source:
Missouri Botanical Garden
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Description
Perennial, stoloniferous and forming a dense sward. Culms much branched, flowering shoots 10–30 cm tall. Leaf sheaths strongly keeled, often grouped in flabellate clusters; leaf blades broadly linear, folded when young, up to 15 × 0.4–1 cm, apex obtuse; ligule ca. 0.5 mm. Inflorescence 5–12 cm, slender, cylindrical; axis corky, disarticulating into segments at maturity; racemes 4–10 mm, reduced to 1–3 spikelets embedded in one face of the rachis, alternating on either side of the sinuous midrib; raceme rachis a stout pointed appendage within the axis cavity. Spikelets lanceolate, 4–5 mm, acute; lower glume up to 1/4 as long as spikelet; upper glume as long as spikelet; lower floret staminate, lemma cartilaginous, 3-veined, palea well developed; upper lemma papery, subequal to spikelet, smooth, acute. Fl. and fr. summer.
- Flora of China @ eFloras.org
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Source:
Missouri Botanical Garden
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Diagnostic Description
Synonym
Ischaemum secundatum Walter, Fl. Carol. 249. 1788.
- Flora of China @ eFloras.org
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Source:
Missouri Botanical Garden
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Ecology
Habitat
Habitat & Distribution
Cultivated as lawn grass. Hong Kong [tropical and subtropical shores on both sides of Atlantic Ocean, extending around S Africa to Mozambique].
- Flora of China @ eFloras.org
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Source:
Missouri Botanical Garden
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Barcode
Locations of barcode samples
Collection Sites: world map showing specimen collection locations for Stenotaphrum secundatum 
© Barcode of Life Data Systems
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Statistics of barcoding coverage
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
| Specimen Records: | 4 |
| Specimens with Sequences: | 1 |
| Specimens with Barcodes: | 0 |
| Public Records: | 0 |
| Species: | 1 |
| Species With Barcodes: | 1 |
© Barcode of Life Data Systems
Trusted
Molecular Biology
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Stenotaphrum secundatum
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 4
Species: 4
Species With Barcodes: 1
Public Records: 4
Species: 4
Species With Barcodes: 1
© Barcode of Life Data Systems
Trusted
Conservation
Conservation Status
National NatureServe Conservation Status
United States
Rounded National Status Rank: NU - Unrankable
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
Trusted
NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
Trusted
Wikipedia
St. Augustine Grass
St. Augustine Grass or Buffalo Grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) (also known as Charleston Grass in South Carolina) is a warm season lawn grass that is popular for use in tropical and subtropical regions. It is a medium to high maintenance grass that forms a thick, carpetlike lawn, crowding out most weeds and other grasses.
Contents |
Characteristics
St. Augustine is a dark green grass with broad, flat blades. It spreads by above ground stolons, commonly known as "runners" and forms a dense layer of grass.
The grass originated in North America,[1] and it occurs on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean,[2] including much of the southeastern United States, including Texas,[3][4] Mexico,[2] and Central and South America.[2] It has escaped cultivation in California,[5] many Pacific islands,[2] and New Zealand.[2]
St. Augustine grass is one type of grass that commonly exists in most Caribbean and Mediterranean areas. It breeds best in tropical climates. It is often seen in lagoons, marshes, shorelines and wherever there is a good amount of moisture.
Planting and propagation
Only recently has commercially valuable viable seed for St. Augustine become available, so it has typically been propagated by plugs, sprigs, or sod. Once the grasses are cultivated, then they can propagate on their own.
St. Augustine can grow in a wide range of soil types with 5.0 to 8.5 pH. St. Augustine grasses will be in full bloom between springtime and summer. St Augustine grass produces runners that allow it to grow and spread.
Uses
St. Augustine grasses are popularly used in pastures and ranches. They are also a popular grass covers for home lawns. It rivals the reputation of Bermuda grass, although St. Augustine grasses are somewhat less drought tolerant.
Varieties
St. Augustine comes in several varieties:
- Captiva(R). Released in 2008. Developed by the University of Florida for its Chinch bug[disambiguation needed
] resistance and dwarf profile which requires less mowing. - Floratine. Released 1959. Darker color, finer texture, tolerated lower temperatures and lower mowing.
- Floratam. Released 1972. Resists SAD and chinch bugs[disambiguation needed ]. Not as cold- or shade-tolerant.
- Palmetto. Released in 1989. Selected for its shade tolerance and cold tolerance.
- Raleigh. Released 1980. SAD resistant and shade tolerant, but susceptible to chinch bugs.
- Sapphire. Released 2004. Selected from Australia for its dark blue green color and rapid lateral growth.
- Seville. Released 1980. Finer texture than Floratam, but shared Floratam's strengths and weaknesses.
- Texas Common. May be the original St. Augustine. It has fallen out of favor due to its susceptibility to the incurable St. Augustine Decline (SAD) virus.
References
Notes
- ^ "Factsheet - Stenotaphrum secundatum". Tropical Forages. http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Stenotaphrum_secundatum.htm.
- ^ a b c d e "Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze, Poaceae". Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). http://www.hear.org/pier/species/stenotaphrum_secundatum.htm.
- ^ "St. Augustine grass". Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants. http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/node/439.
- ^ "Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze". USDA PLANTS. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=STSE.
- ^ "Taxon Report 7783". The Calflora Database. http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=7783.
Bibliography
External links
- Growing St. Augustine grass in the garden Horticultural information on the turfgrass
- Stenotaphrum secundatum: St. Augustine grass, pictures of St. Augustine in its native form
- St. Augustine Grass, Texas AgriLife Extension Service
- A Question about St. Augustinegrass Cultivars
- USDA Plants Profile
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