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Overview
Distribution
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf:
Argentina (South America)
Belize (Mesoamerica)
Bolivia (South America)
Brazil (South America)
Chile (South America)
Colombia (South America)
Costa Rica (Mesoamerica)
Ecuador (South America)
El Salvador (Mesoamerica)
French Guiana (South America)
Guatemala (Mesoamerica)
Guyana (South America)
Honduras (Mesoamerica)
India (Asia)
Caribbean (Caribbean)
Mexico (Mesoamerica)
Australia (Oceania)
Peru (South America)
United States (North America)
Panama (Mesoamerica)
Gabon (Africa & Madagascar)
Nicaragua (Mesoamerica)
Suriname (South America)
Uruguay (South America)
Sulawesi (Asia)
Philippines (Asia)
Sumatra (Asia)
New Guinea (Asia)
Borneo (Asia)
Micronesia Federated States (Oceania)
Venezuela (South America)
Paraguay (South America)
China (Asia)
Argentina (South America)
Belize (Mesoamerica)
Bolivia (South America)
Brazil (South America)
Chile (South America)
Colombia (South America)
Costa Rica (Mesoamerica)
Ecuador (South America)
El Salvador (Mesoamerica)
French Guiana (South America)
Guatemala (Mesoamerica)
Guyana (South America)
Honduras (Mesoamerica)
India (Asia)
Caribbean (Caribbean)
Mexico (Mesoamerica)
Australia (Oceania)
Peru (South America)
United States (North America)
Panama (Mesoamerica)
Gabon (Africa & Madagascar)
Nicaragua (Mesoamerica)
Suriname (South America)
Uruguay (South America)
Sulawesi (Asia)
Philippines (Asia)
Sumatra (Asia)
New Guinea (Asia)
Borneo (Asia)
Micronesia Federated States (Oceania)
Venezuela (South America)
Paraguay (South America)
China (Asia)
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Forzza, R. C. & et al. 2010. 2010 Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/.
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Soreng, R. J., G. Davidse, P. M. Peterson, F. O. Zuloaga, E. J. Judziewicz, T. S. Filgueiras & O. Morrone. 2003 and onwards. On-line taxonomic novelties and updates, distributional additions and corrections, and editorial changes since the four published volumes of the Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae) published in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. vols. 39, 41, 46, and 48. http://www.tropicos.org/Project/CNWG:. In R. J. Soreng, G. Davidse, P. M. Peterson, F. O. Zuloaga, T. S. Filgueiras, E. J. Judziewicz & O. Morrone Internet Cat. New World Grasses. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
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Judziewicz, E. J. 1990. Family 187. Poaceae (Gramineae). 8: 1–727. In A. R. A. Görts-van Rijn Fl. Guianas, ser. A, Phanerog. Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein.
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Filgueiras, T. S. 1991. A floristic analysis of the Gramineae of Brazil's Distrito Federal and a list of the species occurring in the area. Edinburgh J. Bot. 48: 73–80.
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Beetle, A. A. 1977. Noteworthy grasses from Mexico V. Phytologia 37(4): 317–407.
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Macbride, J. F. 1936. Gramineae, Flora of Peru. Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(1/1): 96–261.
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Pittier, H., T. Lasser, L. Schnee, Z. L. Febres & V. Badillo. 1945. Gramineae, IN: Catalogo de la Flora Venezolana. Conf. Interamer. Agricultura, Caracas 1: 75–119.
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McVaugh, R. 1983. Gramineae. 14: 1–436. In R. McVaugh Fl. Novo-Galiciana. The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
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Hitchcock, A. S. 1936. Man. Grasses W. Ind. 1–439. United States Government Printing Office, Washington.
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Lindeman, J. C. & A. L. Stoffers. 1963. Gramineae. 1: 121–203. In Fl. Netherl. Antilles. Natuurwetenschappelijke studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen, Utrecht.
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Beetle, A. A. 1987. Gram. México 2: 1–344. Secretaria de Agricultura y Recursos Hidraulícos: COTECOCA, México.
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Fosberg, F. R. & M. H. Sachet. 1982. Micronesian Poaceae: critical and distributional notes. Micronesica 18(2): 45–102.
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D'Arcy, W. G. 1987. Flora of Panama. Checklist and Index. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 17(1): i–xxx,.
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Correa A., M. D., C. Galdames & M. N. S. Stapf. 2004. Cat. Pl. Vasc. Panamá 1–599. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama.
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Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez. (eds.) 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: i–viii, 1–1181.
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Breedlove, D. E. 1986. Flora de Chiapas. Listados Floríst. México 4: i–v, 1–246.
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Dodson, C. H. & A. H. Gentry. 1978. Flora of the Río Palenque Science Center: Los Ríos Province, Ecuador. Selbyana 4(1–6): i–xxx, 1–628.
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Martínez Salas, E. M., M. Sousa Sánchez & C. H. Ramos Álvarez. 2001. Región de Calakmul, Campeche. Listados Floríst. México 22: 1–55.
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Dodson, C. H., A. H. Gentry & F. M. Valverde Badillo. 1985. Fl. Jauneche 1–512. Banco Central del Ecuador, Quito.
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Davidse, G., M. Sousa Sánchez & A. O. Chater. (eds.) 1994. Alismataceae a Cyperaceae. Fl. Mesoamer. 6: i–xvi, 1–543.
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Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2006. Fl. China 22: 1–733. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.
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Liogier, H. & L. Martorell. 1982. Fl. Puerto Rico Adj. Islands 1–342. Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, Río Piedras.
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Pohl, R. W. 1980. Family 15. Gramineae. In: W. C. Burger, (ed.), Flora Costaricensis. Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 4: 1–608.
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Renvoize, S. A. 1998. Gram. Bolivia i–xxx, 1–644. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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Sharp, D. & B. K. Simon. 2002. AusGrass: Grasses of Australia. CD-ROM, Version 1.0. CD–ROM.
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Bor, N. L. 1960. Grass. Burma, Ceylon, India & Pakistan i–xviii, 1–767. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
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Longhi-Wagner, H. M., V. Bittich, M. d. L. Wanderley & G. J. Shepherd. 2001. Poaceae. Fl. Fanerogam. Estado Sao Paulo 1: i–xxv, 1–292.
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Rosengurtt, B., B. R. A. Maffei & P. I. Artucio. 1970. Gram. Urug. [i–vii], 1–489. Universidad de la República, Montevideo.
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Smith, L. B., D. C. Wasshausen & R. M. Klein. 1982. Gramíneas. Gêneros: 85. Paspalum até 115. Zea. 1(GRAM): 909–1407. In R. Reitz Fl. Il. Catarin. Herbário "Barbarosa Rodrigues", Itajaí, Brasil.
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Swallen, J. R. 1955. Gramineae. In: P. C. Standley & J. A. Steyermark (eds.), Flora of Guatemala---Part II. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(2): i–ix, 1–390.
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Catasus Guerra, L. 1997. Las gramíneas (Poaceae) de Cuba, I. Fontqueria 46: [i–ii], 1–259.
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Gould, F. W. 1979. Poaceae. In R. A. Howard (ed.). Fl. Lesser Antilles 3: 25–220.
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Soenarko, S. 1977. The genus Cymbopogon Sprengel (Gramineae). Reinwardtia 9(3): 225–375.
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Filgueiras, T. S. 2003. Cymbopogon. In Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): III. Subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46: 167–169.
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Davidse, G. & R. W. Pohl. 1994. 161. Cymbopogon Sprengel. Fl. Mesoamer. 6: 390–391.
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Pérez, A., M. Sousa Sánchez, A. M. Hanan-Alipi, F. Chiang Cabrera & P. Tenorio L. 2005. Vegetación terrestre. 65–110. In Biodivers. Tabasco. CONABIO-UNAM, México.
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Balick, M. J., M. Nee & D. E. Atha. 2000. Checklist of the vascular plants of Belize. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 85: i–ix, 1–246.
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Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. (eds.) 1993. Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45: i–xl, 1–1286.
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© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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Missouri Botanical Garden
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SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/9990002
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Lawesson, J. E., H. Adsersen & P. Bentley. 1987. An updated and annotated check list of the vascular plants of the Galapagos Islands. Rep. Bot. Inst. Univ. Aarhus 16: 1–74.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/43197
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
Source:
Missouri Botanical Garden
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Adams, C. D. 1972. Fl. Pl. Jamaica 1–848. University of the West Indies, Mona.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/61
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
Source:
Missouri Botanical Garden
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SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.
http://www.tropicos.org/Reference/9990002
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
Source:
Missouri Botanical Garden
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National Distribution
United States
Origin: Exotic
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Unknown/Undetermined
Confidence: Confident
© NatureServe
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NatureServe
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Physical Description
Morphology
Physical Description
Perennials, Terrestrial, not aquatic, Rhizomes present, Rhizome short and compact, stems close, Stems erect or ascending, Stems caespitose, tufted, or clustered, Stems terete, round i n cross section, or polygonal, Plants aromatic or malodorous, Stem internodes hollow, Stems with inflorescence less than 1 m tall, Stems with inflorescence 1-2 m tall, Stems, culms, or scapes exceeding basal leaves, Leaves mostly cauline, Leaves conspicuously 2-ranked, distichous, Leaves sheathing at base, Leaf sheath mostly open, or loose, Leaf sheath smooth, glabrous, Leaf sheath and blade differentiated, Leaf blades linear, Leaf blades 2-10 mm wide, Leaf blades 1-2 cm wide, Leaf blades mostly flat, Leaf blade margins folded, involute, or conduplicate, Leaf blades mostly glabrous, Ligule present, Ligule an unfringed eciliate membrane, Inflorescence terminal, Inflorescence a contracted panicle, narrowly paniculate, branches appressed or ascending, Inflorescence solitary, with 1 spike, fascicle, glomerule, head, or cluster per stem or culm, Inflorescence a panicle with narrowly racemose or spicate branches, Inflorescence branches more than 10 to numerous, Flowers bisexual, Spikelets pedicellate, Spikelets sessile or subsessile, Spikelets dorsally compressed or terete, Inflorescence or spikelets partially hidden in leaf sheaths, subtended by spatheole, Spikelet less than 3 mm wide, Spikelets with 2 florets, Spikelets in paired units, 1 sessile, 1 pedicellate, Spikelets bisexual, Spikelets disarticulating below the glumes, Spikelets conspicuously hairy , Rachilla or pedicel hairy, Glumes present, empty bracts, Glumes 2 clearly present, Glumes equal or subequal, Glumes equal to or longer than adjacent lemma, Glumes keeled or winged, Glumes 1 nerved, Glumes 3 nerved, Glumes 4-7 nerved, Lemmas thin, chartaceous, hyaline, cartilaginous, or membranous, Lemma 1 nerved, Lemma 3 nerved, Lemma glabrous, Lemma apex acute or acuminate, Lemma apex dentate, 2-fid, Lemma awnless, Lemma mucronate, very shortly beaked or awned, less than 1-2 mm, Lemma margins thin, lying flat, Lemma straight, Callus or base of lemma evidently hairy, Callus hairs shorter than l emma, Stamens 3, Styles 2-fid, deeply 2-branched, Stigmas 2, Fruit - caryopsis.
Dr. David Bogler
Source:
USDA NRCS PLANTS Database
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Comments
This species (Lemon Grass), known only from cultivation, is grown on a large scale in parts of tropical Asia and South America for the lemon-scented oil extracted from its leaves. The oil is used for both medicinal and culinary purposes. Flowers are seldom produced.
- Flora of China @ eFloras.org
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Source:
Missouri Botanical Garden
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Description
Perennial, shortly rhizomatous. Culms tufted, robust, up to 2 m tall, ca. 4 mm in diam., farinose below nodes. Leaf sheaths glabrous, greenish inside; leaf blades glaucous, 30–90 × 0.5–2 cm, both surfaces scabrid, base gradually narrowed, apex long acuminate; ligule ca. 1 mm. Spathate compound panicle large, lax, up to 50 cm, drooping, branches slender; spatheoles reddish or yellowish brown, 1.5–2 cm; racemes 1.5–2 cm; rachis internodes and pedicels 2.5–4 mm, loosely villous on margins; pedicel of homogamous pair not swollen. Sessile spikelet linear-lanceolate, 5–6 × ca. 0.7 mm; lower glume flat or slightly concave toward base, sharply 2-keeled, keels wingless, scabrid, veinless between keels; upper lemma narrow, entire and awnless, or slightly 2-lobed with ca. 0.2 mm mucro. Pedicelled spikelet 4–5 mm. Fl. and fr. summer. 2n = 40.
- Flora of China @ eFloras.org
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Source:
Missouri Botanical Garden
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Diagnostic Description
Synonym
Andropogon citratus Candolle, Cat. Pl. Horti Monsp. 78. 1813.
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Source:
Missouri Botanical Garden
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Ecology
Habitat
Habitat & Distribution
Commonly cultivated. Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [origin unknown; cultivated in tropical Asia and elsewhere].
- Flora of China @ eFloras.org
© Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Source:
Missouri Botanical Garden
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Cymbopogon citratus
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 4
Species: 4
Species With Barcodes: 1
Public Records: 4
Species: 4
Species With Barcodes: 1
© Barcode of Life Data Systems
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Conservation
Conservation Status
National NatureServe Conservation Status
United States
Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
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NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded Global Status Rank: GNR - Not Yet Ranked
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Benefits
Economic Uses
Comments: Oil of lemongrass (cympobogon citratus) is one of the most important essential oils. Large quantities are used for the extraction of citral. It is also used as a medicinal plant in regions such as Haiti.
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
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Wikipedia
Cymbopogon citratus
Cymbopogon citratus, commonly known as lemon grass or oil grass, is a tropical plant from Southeast Asia which is often sold in stem form. Its leaves are used to make tea which can relieve stomach and gut problems. It can also act as an antidepressant and as a mood enhancer. While it can be grown in warmer temperate regions (such as UK) it is not hardy to frost.
Contents |
Medicinal uses
In the folk medicine of Brazil it is believed to have anxiolytic, hypnotic and anticonvulsant properties,[2][3] but at least one study has found no effect on humans.[4] It has cytoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties[5][6][7] Citronellol is an essential oil constituent from the Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon winterianus and Lippia alba which are thought to possess antihypertensive properties. Citronellol has been shown lower blood pressure, in rats, by a direct effect on the vascular smooth muscle leading to vasodilation.[8] In a small randomised controlled trial Cymbopogon citratus (tea?) has been used as an inexpensive remedy for the treatment of oral thrush in HIV/AIDS patients.[9]
In the Philippines
Abundant in the Philippines, and 65- to 85-% citral,[clarification needed] Cymbopogon citratus contains active ingredients like myrcene, an antibacterial and pain reliever, citronella, citronellol and geranilol. Hydro steam distillation, condensation and cooling were used to separate the oil from the water. Hydrosol or Hydrolat, as a by-product of the distillation process, is a pure natural water or plant water essence used for the production of skin care products such as lotions, creams and facial cleansing toner in its pure form. The main products are organic unadulterated lemon grass oil (for industrial users), and “Negros Oil” (mixture of lemon grass oil with virgin coconut oil) used in aromatherapy.[10]
References
- ^ "Cymbopogon citratus information from NPGS/GRIN". www.ars-grin.gov. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?12797. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
- ^ Blanco MM, Costa CA, Freire AO, Santos JG, Costa M (March 2009). "Neurobehavioral effect of essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus in mice". Phytomedicine 16 (2-3): 265–70. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2007.04.007. PMID 17561386.
- ^ Rodrigues, Eliana & Carlini, E.A. (2006): Plants with possible psychoactive effects used by the Krahô Indians, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 28(4): 277-282. PDF fulltext
- ^ Leite JR, Seabra Mde L, Maluf E, et al. (July 1986). "Pharmacology of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). III. Assessment of eventual toxic, hypnotic and anxiolytic effects on humans". J Ethnopharmacol 17 (1): 75–83. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(86)90074-7. PMID 2429120.
- ^ Anti-inflammatory activity of Cymbopogon citratus leaf infusion in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated dendritic cells: contribution of the polyphenols. Figueirinha A. Cruz MT. Francisco V. Lopes MC. Batista MT. Journal of Medicinal Food. 13(3):681-90, 2010 Jun
- ^ Inhibitory effect of citral on NO production by suppression of iNOS expression and NF-kappa B activation in RAW264.7 cells. Lee HJ. Jeong HS. Kim DJ. Noh YH. Yuk DY. Hong JT. Archives of Pharmacal Research. 31(3):342-9, 2008 Mar.s.
- ^ Suppression of oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory mediators by Cymbopogon citratus D. Stapf extract in lipopolysaccharide stimulated murine alveolar macrophages. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010 Oct;48(10):2913-9 Authors: Tiwari M, Dwivedi UN, Kakkar P
- ^ Hypotensive and vasorelaxant effects of citronellol, a monoterpene alcohol, in rats. Bastos JF. Moreira IJ. Ribeiro TP. Medeiros IA. Antoniolli AR. De Sousa DP. Santos MR. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. 106(4):331-7, 2010 Apr.
- ^ Treatment of oral thrush in HIV/AIDS patients with lemon juice and lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) and gentian violet. Wright SC. Maree JE. Sibanyoni M. Phytomedicine. 16(2-3):118-24, 2009 Mar.
- ^ Inquirer.net, ‘Tanglad’ goes mainstream, yields essential oils
Source:
Wikipedia
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