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The Holarctic Drosophila populi species group belongs to the subgenus Sophophora and contains two species, Drosophila ingrica and Drosophila populi. D. ingrica is found in the Palearctic, while D. populi is found in the Nearctic. Both species are found in the northernmost subarctic forest zone, and are strongly associated with cotton wood.^[1]

References

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The Drosophila obscura species group belongs to the subgenus Sophophora and contains 6 subgroups: affinis, microlabis, obscura, pseudoobscura, subobscura, and sinobscura.

Species

affinis species subgroup

• Drosophila affinis Sturtevant, 1916
• Drosophila algonquin Sturtevant and Dobzhansky, 1936
• Drosophila athabasca Sturtevant and Dobzhansky, 1936
• Drosophila azteca Sturtevant and Dobzhansky, 1936
• Drosophila dobzhanskii Patterson, 1943
• Drosophila inexspectata Tsacas, 1988
• Drosophila narragansett Sturtevant and Dobzhansky, 1936
• Drosophila novitskii Sulerud and Miller, 1966
• Drosophila seminole Sturtevant and Dobzhansky, 1936
• Drosophila tolteca Patterson and Mainland, 1944

microlabis species subgroup

• Drosophila kitumensis Tsacas in Tsacas et al., 1985
• Drosophila microlabis Seguy, 1938

obscura species subgroup

• Drosophila ambigua Pomini, 1940
• Drosophila bifasciata Pomini, 1940
• Drosophila cariouae Tsacas in Tsacas et al., 1985
• Drosophila dianensis Gao and Watabe, 2003
• Drosophila eniwae Takada, Beppu and Toda, 1979
• Drosophila epiobscura Parshad and Duggal, 1966
• Drosophila eskoi Lakovaara and Lankinen, 1974
• Drosophila frolovae Wheeler, 1949
• Drosophila imaii Moriwaki and Okada in Moriwaki et al., 1967
• Drosophila krimbasi Tsacas in Tsacas et al., 1985
• Drosophila limingi Gao and Watabe, 2003
• Drosophila obscura Fallen, 1823
• Drosophila solstitialis Chen, 1994
• Drosophila tristis Fallen, 1823
• Drosophila tsukubaensis Takamori and Okada, 1983

pseudoobscura species subgroup

• Drosophila cuauhtemoci Felix and Dobzhansky in Felix et al., 1976
• Drosophila lowei Heed, Crumpacker and Ehrman, 1968
• Drosophila maya Heed and O'Grady, 2000
• Drosophila miranda Dobzhansky, 1935
• Drosophila persimilis Dobzhansky and Epling, 1944
• Drosophila pseudoobscura Frolova in Frolova and Astaurov, 1929

sinobscura species subgroup

• Drosophila hubeiensis Sperlich and Watabe in Watabe and Sperlich, 1997
• Drosophila luguensis Gao and Toda, 2003
• Drosophila sinobscura Watabe in Watabe et al., 1996

subobscura species subgroup

• Drosophila guanche Monclus, 1976
• Drosophila madeirensis Monclus, 1984
• Drosophila subobscura Collin in Gordon, 1936

Unplaced

• Drosophila alpina Burla, 1948
• Drosophila helvetica Burla, 1948
• Drosophila hypercephala Gao and Toda, 2009
• Drosophila hideakii Gao and Toda, 2009
• Drosophila quadrangula Gao and Toda, 2009

References

The paraphyletic subgenus Sophophora of the genus Drosophila was first described by Alfred Sturtevant in 1939.^[1] It contains the best known drosophilid species, Drosophila melanogaster. Sophophora translates as carrier (phora) of wisdom (sophos). The subgenus is paraphyletic because the genus Lordiphosa^[2][3] and the species Hirtodrosophila duncani^[4][5] are also placed within this subgenus.

Phylogeny

Currently, ten species groups are recognized, in two main groups, the New World and the Old World^[5][6][7]

Old World:

• melanogaster species group (65 species, including D. melanogaster and D. simulans)
• montium species group (88)
• ananassae species group (24)
• obscura species group (44)
• dentissima species group (17)
• fima species group (23)
• dispar species group (2)
• settifemur species group (2)

New World:

• saltans species group (21)
• willistoni species group (23)

Unknown:

• populi species group (2)

References

1. ^ Sturtevant, A. H. (1939). On the subdivision of the genus Drosophila. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 25, 137–141.
2. ^ Katoh, T., Tamura, K. & Aotsuka, T. (2000). Phylogenetic position of the subgenus Lordiphosa of the genus Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) inferred from alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution 51, 122–130.
3. ^ Hu, Y.-G. & Toda, M. J. (2001). Polyphyly of Lordiphosa and its relationships in Drosophilinae (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Systematic Entomology 26, 15–31.
4. ^ O'Grady, P. & DeSalle, R. (2008). Out of Hawaii: the origin and biogeography of the genus Scaptomyza (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Biology Letters 4, 195-199.
5. ^ ^{a b} van der Linde, K., Houle, D., Spicer, G. S. & Steppan, S. J. (2010). A supermatrix-based molecular phylogeny of the family Drosophilidae. Genetics Research 92, 25-38.
6. ^ Bächli, G. (1999-2010). TaxoDros: The Database on Taxonomy of Drosophilidae. Available at http://taxodros.unizh.ch/
7. ^ Da Lage, J.-L., Kergoat, G. J., Maczkowiak, F., Silvain, J.-F., Cariou, M.-L. & Lachaise, D. (2007). A phylogeny of Drosophilidae using the Amyrel gene: questioning the Drosophila melanogaster species group boundaries. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 45, 47–63.

The Drosophila melanogaster species group belongs to the subgenus Sophophora and contains 10 subgroups.^[1][2] The phylogeny in this species group is poorly known despite many studies covering many of the species subgroups. The most likely explanation is that the various subgroups diverted from each other in a relative short evolutionary time frame. Three subgroups have not yet been investigated in molecular studies, and their position in the phylogeny is unclear. The suzukii subgroup is paraphyletic as D. lucipennis is systematically placed within the elegans subgroup.

Species subgroups:

• D. denticulata species subgroup
• D. elegans species subgroup
• D. eugracilis species subgroup
• D. ficusphila species subgroup
• D. flavohirta species subgroup
• D. longissima species subgroup
• D. melanogaster species subgroup
• D. rhopaloa species subgroup
• D. suzukii species subgroup
• D. takahashii species subgroup

References

1. ^ Bächli, G. (1999-2010). TaxoDros: The Database on Taxonomy of Drosophilidae. Available at http://taxodros.unizh.ch/
2. ^ Da Lage, J.-L., Kergoat, G. J., Maczkowiak, F., Silvain, J.-F., Cariou, M.-L. & Lachaise, D. (2007). A phylogeny of Drosophilidae using the Amyrel gene: questioning the Drosophila melanogaster species group boundaries. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 45, 47–63.

The Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup contains 9 species, including the best known species Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans. The subgroup belongs to the Drosophila melanogaster species group within the subgenus Sophophora.

Phylogeny

melanogaster complex

• D. (S.) melanogaster Meigen, 1830

simulans complex

• D. (S.) simulans Sturtevant, 1919
• D. (S.) mauritiana Tsacas and David, 1974
• D. (S.) sechellia Tsacas and Bächli, 1981

yakuba complex

• D. (S.) yakuba Burla, 1954
• D. (S.) santomea Lachaise and Harry, 2000
• D. (S.) teissieri Tsacas, 1971

erecta complex

• D. (S.) erecta Tsacas and Lachaise, 1974
• D. (S.) orena Tsacas and David, 1978

The species of the simulans complex form a hard polytomy. Most likely, the island species D. (S.) mauritiana (Mauritius) and D. (S.) sechellia (Seychelles) branched of from the mainland species D. (S.) simulans in such a narrow time frame that it is impossible to distinguish which species branched off first and which second.

References

• J. A. Coyne, S. Elwyn, S. Y. Kim & A. Llopart 2004. Genetic studies of two sister species in the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup, D. yakuba and D. santomea. Genetical Research 84: 11-26.
• R. M. Kliman, P. Andolfatto, J. A. Coyne, F. Depaulis, M. Kreitman, A. J. Berry, J. McCarter, J. Wakeley & J. Hey 2000. The population genetics of the origin and divergence of the Drosophila simulans complex species. Genetics 156: 1913-1931.