<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<taxon-page>
  <id type="integer">1052724</id>
  <canonical-form>Pusa hispida</canonical-form>
  <iucn-conservation-status>Least Concern (LC)</iucn-conservation-status>
  <scientific-name>&lt;i&gt;Pusa hispida&lt;/i&gt; (Schreber, 1775)</scientific-name>
  <common-names>
    <item>
      <language_label></language_label>
      <string>ringed seal</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>br</language_label>
      <string>Reunig kelc'hennek</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>cs</language_label>
      <string>Tule&#328; krou&#382;kovan&#253;</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>da</language_label>
      <string>Rings&#230;l</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>de</language_label>
      <string>Eismeer-Ringelrobbe</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>de</language_label>
      <string>Ringelrobbe</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>en</language_label>
      <string>Jae</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>en</language_label>
      <string>ringed seal</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>en</language_label>
      <string>Silver Jar</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>es</language_label>
      <string>Foca anillada</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>et</language_label>
      <string>Viigerh&#252;ljes</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>fi</language_label>
      <string>Norppa</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>fr</language_label>
      <string>phoque annel&#233;</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>fr</language_label>
      <string>Phoque marbr&#233;</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>he</language_label>
      <string>&#1508;&#1493;&#1505;&#1492; &#1496;&#1489;&#1506;&#1514;&#1497;&#1514;</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>hu</language_label>
      <string>Gy&#369;r&#369;sf&#243;ka</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>is</language_label>
      <string>Hringan&#243;ri</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>it</language_label>
      <string>Foca dagli anelli</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>ja</language_label>
      <string>&#12527;&#12514;&#12531;&#12450;&#12470;&#12521;&#12471;</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>ko</language_label>
      <string>&#44256;&#47532;&#47924;&#45740;&#47932;&#48276;</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>lt</language_label>
      <string>&#381;ieduotasis ruonis</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>nl</language_label>
      <string>Kleine zeehond</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>nl</language_label>
      <string>Ringelrob</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>nl</language_label>
      <string>Ringelrob</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>nl</language_label>
      <string>Stinkrob</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>no</language_label>
      <string>Ringsel</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>pl</language_label>
      <string>Nerpa</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>pt</language_label>
      <string>Foca marmoreada</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>pt</language_label>
      <string>Foca-anelada</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>ru</language_label>
      <string>&#1050;&#1086;&#1083;&#1100;&#1095;&#1072;&#1090;&#1072;&#1103; &#1085;&#1077;&#1088;&#1087;&#1072;</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>sv</language_label>
      <string>Vikare</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>uk</language_label>
      <string>ringed seal</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>uk</language_label>
      <string>Ringed seal</string>
    </item>
    <item>
      <language_label>uk</language_label>
      <string>&#1050;&#1110;&#1083;&#1100;&#1095;&#1072;&#1089;&#1090;&#1072; &#1085;&#1077;&#1088;&#1087;&#1072;</string>
    </item>
  </common-names>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>Frost, K.J. and L.F. Lowry. 1981. Ringed, Baikal and Caspian seals - Phoca hispida Schreber, 1775 Phoca Sibirica Gmelin, 1758 Phoca caspica Gmelin, 1788. Handbook of marine mammals. Academic Press, New York.</full-reference>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>Harris, S.H. 1991. The handbook of British mammals. Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd., Osney Mead, Oxford. p. 480.</full-reference>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>Hammill, M.O. and T.G. Smith. 1991. The role of predation in the ecology of the ringed seal in Barrow Strait, Northwest Territories, Canada. Marine Mammal Science, 7(2): 123-135.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">14935</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>Hyvarinen, H. 1989. Diving in darkness: whiskers as sense organs of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida saimensis). Journal of Zoology (London), 218(4): 663-678.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">14936</id>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>Kingsley, M.C.S. 1990. Status of the ringed seal, Phoca hispida, in Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 104(1): 138-145.</full-reference>
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        <published type="integer">1</published>
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        <full-reference>Lowry, L.F., K.J. Frost, and J.J. Burns. 1980. Variability in the diet of ringed seals, Phoca hispida, in Alaska. Canadian Journal of Fish and Aquatic Sciences, 37(12): 2254-2261.</full-reference>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>Lyderson, C. and M.O. Hammill. 1993. Diving in ringed seal (Phoca hispida) pups during the nursing period. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 71(5): 991-996.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">14939</id>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>Smith, T.G. and I. Stirling. 1975. The breeding habitat of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida): The birth lair and associated structures. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 53(9): 1297-1305.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">14940</id>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>Frost, K.J. and L.F. Lowry. 1981. Ringed, Baikal and Caspian seals - Phoca hispida Schreber, 1775 Phoca Sibirica Gmelin, 1758 Phoca caspica Gmelin, 1788. Handbook of marine mammals. Academic Press, New York.</full-reference>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>Harris, S.H. 1991. The handbook of British mammals. Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd., Osney Mead, Oxford. p. 480.</full-reference>
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        <published type="integer">1</published>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>Hammill, M.O. and T.G. Smith. 1991. The role of predation in the ecology of the ringed seal in Barrow Strait, Northwest Territories, Canada. Marine Mammal Science, 7(2): 123-135.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">14935</id>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>Hyvarinen, H. 1989. Diving in darkness: whiskers as sense organs of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida saimensis). Journal of Zoology (London), 218(4): 663-678.</full-reference>
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        <full-reference>Kingsley, M.C.S. 1990. Status of the ringed seal, Phoca hispida, in Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 104(1): 138-145.</full-reference>
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        <full-reference>Lowry, L.F., K.J. Frost, and J.J. Burns. 1980. Variability in the diet of ringed seals, Phoca hispida, in Alaska. Canadian Journal of Fish and Aquatic Sciences, 37(12): 2254-2261.</full-reference>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>Lyderson, C. and M.O. Hammill. 1993. Diving in ringed seal (Phoca hispida) pups during the nursing period. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 71(5): 991-996.</full-reference>
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        <full-reference>Smith, T.G. and I. Stirling. 1975. The breeding habitat of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida): The birth lair and associated structures. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 53(9): 1297-1305.</full-reference>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>Frost, K.J. and L.F. Lowry. 1981. Ringed, Baikal and Caspian seals - Phoca hispida Schreber, 1775 Phoca Sibirica Gmelin, 1758 Phoca caspica Gmelin, 1788. Handbook of marine mammals. Academic Press, New York.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">14933</id>
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        <full-reference>Harris, S.H. 1991. The handbook of British mammals. Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd., Osney Mead, Oxford. p. 480.</full-reference>
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        <full-reference>Hammill, M.O. and T.G. Smith. 1991. The role of predation in the ecology of the ringed seal in Barrow Strait, Northwest Territories, Canada. Marine Mammal Science, 7(2): 123-135.</full-reference>
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        <full-reference>Hyvarinen, H. 1989. Diving in darkness: whiskers as sense organs of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida saimensis). Journal of Zoology (London), 218(4): 663-678.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">14936</id>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>Kingsley, M.C.S. 1990. Status of the ringed seal, Phoca hispida, in Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 104(1): 138-145.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">14937</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">14937</ref-id>
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        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>Lowry, L.F., K.J. Frost, and J.J. Burns. 1980. Variability in the diet of ringed seals, Phoca hispida, in Alaska. Canadian Journal of Fish and Aquatic Sciences, 37(12): 2254-2261.</full-reference>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>Lyderson, C. and M.O. Hammill. 1993. Diving in ringed seal (Phoca hispida) pups during the nursing period. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 71(5): 991-996.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">14939</id>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>Smith, T.G. and I. Stirling. 1975. The breeding habitat of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida): The birth lair and associated structures. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 53(9): 1297-1305.</full-reference>
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    <refs type="array">
      <ref>
        <full-reference>WoRMS (2009). &lt;i&gt;Pusa hispida&lt;/i&gt; Schreber, 1775. Accessed through:  World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&amp;id=159021 on 2010-01-08</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">1378720</id>
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        <taxon-id type="NilClass">3887463</taxon-id>
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    <refs type="array">
      <ref>
        <full-reference>Richard Weigl (2005) Longevity of Mammals in Captivity; from the Living Collections of the World. Kleine Senckenberg-Reihe 48: Stuttgart.</full-reference>
        <id type="integer">730924</id>
        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">730924</ref-id>
        <taxon-id type="NilClass">2391323</taxon-id>
        <user-submitted type="boolean">false</user-submitted>
        <visibility-id type="integer">1</visibility-id>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>Bernhard Grzimek (1990) Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals. McGraw-Hill: New York.</full-reference>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>Ronald Nowak (2003) Walker's Marine Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore.</full-reference>
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        <published type="integer">1</published>
        <ref-id type="NilClass">730947</ref-id>
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      <ref>
        <full-reference>&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/author/147&quot;&gt;IUCN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; 
 (2009).&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/node/384&quot;&gt;Species and Climate Change: More than just the Polar Bear&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/span&gt; 
&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rft.title=Species+and+Climate+Change%3A+More+than+just+the+Polar+Bear&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.pub=IUCN+Species+Survival+Commission&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</full-reference>
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  <table-of-contents>
    <item>
      <id>3</id>
      <label>Description</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>290</id>
      <label>General Description</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>194</id>
      <label>Physical Description</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>301</id>
      <label>Barcode</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>302</id>
      <label>Nucleotide Sequences</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>267</id>
      <label>Morphology</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>232</id>
      <label>Reproduction and Life History</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>70</id>
      <label>Behavior</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>4</id>
      <label>Ecology and Distribution</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>20</id>
      <label>Distribution</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>41</id>
      <label>Habitat</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>285</id>
      <label>Associations</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>297</id>
      <label>Trophic Strategy</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>8</id>
      <label>Conservation</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>33</id>
      <label>Trends and Threats</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>286</id>
      <label>Conservation Status</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>6</id>
      <label>Relevance</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>251</id>
      <label>Uses</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>300</id>
      <label>Wikipedia</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>9</id>
      <label>Biodiversity Heritage Library</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>7</id>
      <label>References and More Information</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>17</id>
      <label>Literature References</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>226</id>
      <label>Specialist Projects</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>298</id>
      <label>Biomedical Terms</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>227</id>
      <label>Search the Web</label>
    </item>
    <item>
      <id>13</id>
      <label>Common Names</label>
    </item>
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  <ancestors>
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      <id type="integer">1</id>
      <canonical-form>Animalia</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>Animalia</scientific-name>
    </taxon-page>
    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">694</id>
      <canonical-form>Chordata</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>Chordata</scientific-name>
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    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">1642</id>
      <canonical-form>Mammalia</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>Mammalia</scientific-name>
    </taxon-page>
    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">7662</id>
      <canonical-form>Carnivora</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>Carnivora</scientific-name>
    </taxon-page>
    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">7666</id>
      <canonical-form>Phocidae</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>Phocidae</scientific-name>
    </taxon-page>
    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">78252</id>
      <canonical-form>Pusa</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>Pusa</scientific-name>
    </taxon-page>
    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">1052724</id>
      <canonical-form>Pusa hispida</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>Least Concern (LC)</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>&lt;i&gt;Pusa hispida&lt;/i&gt; (Schreber, 1775)</scientific-name>
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  <children>
    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">1265609</id>
      <canonical-form>Pusa hispida saimensis</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>&lt;i&gt;Pusa hispida saimensis&lt;/i&gt; (Nordquist, 1899)</scientific-name>
    </taxon-page>
    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">1265611</id>
      <canonical-form>Pusa hispida ladogensis</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>&lt;i&gt;Pusa hispida ladogensis&lt;/i&gt; (Nordquiest, 1899)</scientific-name>
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    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">1273536</id>
      <canonical-form>Pusa hispida ochotensis</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>&lt;i&gt;Pusa hispida ochotensis&lt;/i&gt; (Pallas, 1811)</scientific-name>
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    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">1274058</id>
      <canonical-form>Pusa hispida botnica</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>&lt;i&gt;Pusa hispida botnica&lt;/i&gt; (Gmelin, 1788)</scientific-name>
    </taxon-page>
    <taxon-page>
      <id type="integer">1274060</id>
      <canonical-form>Pusa hispida hispida</canonical-form>
      <iucn-conservation-status>NOT EVALUATED</iucn-conservation-status>
      <scientific-name>&lt;i&gt;Pusa &lt;i&gt;hispida&lt;/i&gt; hispida&lt;/i&gt; (Schreber, 1775)</scientific-name>
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MS Education - Johns Hopkins University
ME Engineering Physics - University of Virginia


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D.Sc., Queen's University, Belfast (1990)
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Visiting Scientist, Chemicals Affecting Insect Behavior Lab, US Agricultural Research Service, 2005-2006
Hammock, J., Vinyard, B., Dickens, J. 2007. Response to host plant odors and aggregation pheromone by larvae of the Colorado potato beetle on a servosphere.  Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 1(1):27-35
PhD, Biological Oceanography, Massachussetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceangraphic Institution, 2005</credentials>
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Member of Ecological Society of America, Entomological Society of America.</credentials>
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    <user>
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Assistant Professor
Baker University
Dept. of Biology
PO Box 65
Baldwin city, Kansas 
66006-0065



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      <credentials>Scientist National Institutes of Health</credentials>
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      <credentials>faculty, Department of Biology
University of Miami
Coral Gables, Fl 33124

AAAS, ICRS, Sigma Xi

http://www.bio.miami.edu/Fac/Sealey.html</credentials>
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      <username>ksealey</username>
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    <user>
      <credentials>Associate Professor of Biology, Curator of Mammals and Birds, University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point

Yahnke CJ, 2006. Habitat use and natural history of small mammals in the Paraguayan chaco. Mastozoologia Neotropical, 13(1);103-116.

Yahnke CJ, 2006. Testing optimal foraging theory using bird predation on goldenrod galls. American Biology Teacher, 68(8):471-475.

Yahnke CJ, PL Meserve, TG Ksiazek, and JN Mills. 2001. Patterns of infection with Laguna Negra virus in wild populations of Calomys laucha in the central Paraguayan chaco.  American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 65(6):768-776.

Yahnke CJ, I Gamarra de Fox, and F Colman. 1998. Mammalian species richness in Paraguay: the effectiveness of national parks in preserving biodiversity.  Biological Conservation 84:263-268.

Yahnke CJ, J Unger, BA Lohr, DA Meritt, and W Heuschele. 1997.  Age specific fecundity, litter size, and sex ratio in the chacoan peccary (Catagonus wagneri).  Zoo Biology 16:301-307.

Yahnke, CJ, WE Johnson, E Geffen, D Smith, F Hertel, MS Roy, CF Bonacic, TK Fuller, B Van Valkenburgh, and RK Wayne. 1996. Darwin&#8217;s fox: a distinct endangered species in a vanishing habitat.  Conservation Biology 10:366-375.

Yahnke CJ. 1995.  Metachromism and the insight of Wilfred Osgood: evidence of common ancestry for Darwin&#8217;s fox and the Sechura fox.  Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 68:459-467

American Society of Mammalogists
National Association of Biology Teachers
Sigma XI
</credentials>
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      <username>cyahnke</username>
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    <user>
      <credentials>Emeritus Fellow, Trinity College Dublin

Holdich, Catherine, David M., Noel, Pierre Y., Reynolds, Julian D. and Haffner, Patrick (eds) (2006). Atlas of crayfish in Europe. Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 187 pages. Patrimoines naturels, 64.

Hudson, Anne V. and Reynolds, Julian D. (1984). Distribution of Irish intertidal Talitridae. Bulletin of the Irish biogeographical Society, 8, 63-76.

Reynolds, Julian D. (1976). Occurrence of the fresh-water Bryozoan, Cristatella mucedo Cuvier, in British Columbia. Syesis, 9, 365-366.

Smyth, Thomas and Reynolds, Julian D.  (1995). Survival ability of statoblasts of freshwater Bryozoa found in Renvyle Lough, County Galway.  Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 95B (1), 65-68.

Wickenberg, Maria and Reynolds, Julian D. (2002). A recent Irish record of the woodlouse  Acaeroplastes melanurus (Budde-Lund, 1885) (Isopoda: Porcellionidae), considered to be extinct in the British Isles.  Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society, 26, 60-63.</credentials>
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      <credentials>Staff in a natural history museum
Member of a professional society (SECEM)</credentials>
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      <username>eliadelom</username>
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      <credentials>Curator of marine invertebrates, National Museums Northern Ireland (Ulster Museum)
Author Sponges of the British Isles - A colour guide and working document, 1992 Edition. Ackers, R.G., Moss, D. &amp; Picton, B. E. 1992. Marine Conservation Society, UK. Revised and extended, 2007, Bernard Picton, Christine Morrow &amp; Rob van Soest. PDf and website</credentials>
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