Table of Contents
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Overview
Brief Summary
The diet of the Common Yellowthroat consists mainly of insects and spiders, but includes some seeds.
During courtship, the male displays to the female by flicking his wings and tail, following her closely, and performing a flight display in which he may climb up to 30 m in the air and returns to another low perch, calling and singing.
Common Yellowthroats generally nest less than a meter from the ground. The nest is a bulky open cup built by the female and sometimes has a partial roof of material loosely attached to the rim. There are typically 3 to 5 (sometimes 6) eggs, which are creamy white with brown and black spots. The eggs are incubated (by the female only) for 12 days. The male feeds the female on the nest during incubation. Young are fed by both parents and leave the nest after 8 to 10 days. There are typically two broods per year. The young remain dependent on their parents for longer than most other wood warblers. Common Yellowthroats are very commonly "parasitized" by Brown-headed Cowbirds, which are "brood parasites", laying their eggs in the nests of birds of other species in lieu of building their own.
Migration occurs mainly at night and in many areas is spread over a long period in both spring and fall.
Despite habitat loss that has surely led to local declines, the Common Yellowthroat remains a common and widespread species in the United States and Canada.
(Kaufman 1996; AOU 1998; Dunn and Alderfer 2011)
- American Ornithologists' Union. 1998. Check-list of North American Birds, 7th edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
- Dunn, J.L. and J. Alderfer. 2011. National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America. National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C.
- Kaufman, K. 1996. Lives of North American Birds. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
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Distribution
Geographic Range
Geothlypis trichas nest in Alaska and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean across Canada and the United States. They also nest further south into Mexico. Their wintering range is from southern United States to northern South America and into the West Indies (Terres 1980; Versaware 2000).
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); neotropical (Native )
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National Distribution
Canada
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Type of Residency: Breeding
United States
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Type of Residency: Year-round
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Global Range: BREEDS: southeastern Alaska to central Saskatchewan and Newfoundland, south to northern Baja California, southern Mexico, southern Texas, Gulf Coast, and southern Florida. WINTERS: northern California, southwestern U.S., southern Texas, Gulf states and South Carolina south through Mexico and the West Indies (fairly common in Puerto Rico, rare in Virgin Islands, Raffaele 1983), to Panama and rarely into Colombia, Venezuela, Netherlands Antilles.
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Physical Description
Morphology
Physical Description
Common Yellowthroats are wren-like wood warblers with upturned tails. They are 11 to 14 cm in length. The males are olive green above and have a year round black facial mask, bordered above by a blue-white band. They have a white belly with pale yellow chin, throat, breast, and undertail coverts. The beak is black and the legs are a pinkish color. The females look similar to the males but lack the black facial mask. Immature yellowthroats are dull brown with the males' face showing a drab facial mask (Rogers 2000; Terres 1980; Tufts 1986).
Range mass: 7.3 to 13.6 g.
Average basal metabolic rate: 0.17622 W.
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Size
Diagnostic Description
Differs from the Kentucky warbler by lacking a yellow line over the eye. Differs from the yellow-breasted chat in smaller size (chat 18 cm long) and lack of a white line extending from the top of the eye to the bill.
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Ecology
Habitat
Habitat and Ecology
- Terrestrial
- Freshwater
- Marine
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Habitat
Common Yellowthroats occupy non-forested areas low to the ground in briers, damp brushy places, weeds or grasses along country roads or agricultural environments. They are also found in cattails, bulrushes, sedges, and willows by streamsides, swamps, freshwater, and salt-water marshes. They occupy similar types of habitats for both their breeding and wintering locations (Fisher and Acorn 1998; Rogers 2000; Terres 1980).
Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland
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Comments: Marshes (especially cattail), thickets near water, bogs, brushy pastures, old fields, and, locally, undergrowth of humid forest. In migration and winter also in brushy and shrubby areas in both moist and arid regions (AOU 1983).
Nests just above ground or over water, in weeds, reeds, cattails, tules, grass tussocks, brier bushes, and similar situations; often at base of shrub or sapling, sometimes higher in weeds or shrubs up to about 1 m.
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Migration
Non-Migrant: Yes. At least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations. Juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration.
Locally Migrant: Yes. At least some populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e.g., to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites).
Locally Migrant: Yes. At least some populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km.
Winter: withdraws from areas north of the southern U.S. Arrives in Puerto Rico by September-October, departs mostly by the end of April but some remain into June; appears to congregate and pair before migrating north in spring (Raffaele 1983). Migration in Costa Rica extends from mid-October to November and from April to early May (Stiles and Skutch 1989). Present in South America mostly October-April (Ridgely and Tudor 1989).
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Trophic Strategy
Food Habits
The yellowthroat is generally an insectivore. It gleans leaves of shrubbery, grasses or weeds for adult and larval insects such as grasshoppers, dragonflies, beetles, butterflies, and spiders. Seeds are sometimes eaten as well (Fisher and Acorn 1998; Terres 1980).
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Comments: Eats various small invertebrates obtained among low plants.
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Associations
Known predators
Accipiter striatus
Accipiter cooperii
Based on studies in:
Canada: Manitoba (Forest)
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
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Known prey organisms
Araneae
Disyonicha quinquevitata
Insecta
Collembola
Diptera
Auchenorrhyncha
Sternorrhyncha
Lepidoptera
Coleoptera
Arachnida
Based on studies in:
Canada: Manitoba (Forest)
USA: Illinois (Forest)
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
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General Ecology
Density was about 1.5-2.5 territories per ha in southeastern Massachusetts (Morimoto and Wasserman 1991).
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Life History and Behavior
Life Expectancy
Lifespan/Longevity
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 138 months.
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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
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Reproduction
Reproduction
The female yellowthroat lays her eggs between April and July, and incubates 3-5 eggs for 12 days. The eggs are white or cream-white and are speckled brown, black, or grey at the large end. The cup-shaped, bulky nest made from dead leaves, coarse grass and weed stems, with a lining of fine black rootlets, is located low to the ground, in shrubbery. While only the female incubates the eggs, both the male and female tend the young. The young are altricial and leave the nest 8 days after hatching (Ehrlich et al. 1988; Fisher and Acorn 1998; Terres 1980; Tufts 1986).
Average time to hatching: 12 days.
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Clutch size is 3-6 (usually 4). Usually produces two broods per year. Incubation, by female, lasts 11-13 days. Young are tended by both parents, leave nest at 8-10 days. Polygyny has been observed.
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Geothlypis trichas
There are 24 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
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Download FASTA File
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Geothlypis trichas
Public Records: 24
Species: 28
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Conservation
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Version
Year Assessed
Assessor/s
Reviewer/s
Contributor/s
Justification
History
- 2008Least Concern
- 2004Least Concern
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Conservation Status
There has been a general decline in neotropical migrants. However, the yellowthroat is a very common species of wood warbler and the only threats to its status may be the parasitism of cowbirds and the possibility of habitat loss from development of open areas or wetlands.
US Migratory Bird Act: protected
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
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National NatureServe Conservation Status
Canada
Rounded National Status Rank: N5B - Secure
United States
Rounded National Status Rank: N5 - Secure
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NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Benefits
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
The Common Yellowthroat has no known negative impact on humans.
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Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
Yellowthroats are a pleasant addition to the variety of sights and sounds of wetlands.
They eat many different species of insects, some of which may pose as pests to humans.
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Wikipedia
Common Yellowthroat
The Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas) is a New World warbler. They are abundant breeders in North America, ranging from southern Canada to central Mexico. Northern races are migratory, wintering in the southern parts of the breeding range, Central America and the West Indies. Southern forms are largely resident. This species is a very rare vagrant to western Europe.
Common Yellowthroats are small songbirds that have olive backs, wings and tails, yellow throats and chests, and white bellies. Adult males have black face masks which stretch from the sides of the neck across the eyes and forehead, which are bordered above with white or gray. Females are similar in appearance, but have paler underparts and lack the black mask. Immature birds are similar in appearance to the adult female. First-year males have a faint black mask which darkens completely by spring.[2]
There are 13 races of this bird. These races differ mainly in the males' facial patterns and the brightness of the yellow underparts. The southwestern forms of this bird are the brightest and the yellowest below.[3]
The breeding habitats of these birds are marshes and other wet areas with dense low vegetation, and may also be found in other areas with dense shrub. However, these birds are less common in dry areas. Females appear to prefer males with larger masks. Common Yellowthroats nest in low areas of the vegetation, laying 3–5 eggs in a cup-shaped nest. Both parents feed the young.
These birds feed on insects, which are usually captured in dense vegetation, but sometimes caught in midair.
The Common Yellowthroat's song is a loud twichety twichety twichety twich. Its call is a soft jip.
Despite a decline in numbers in some areas, which is due to loss of favoured habitat, this species is still very common.
Contents |
References
- ^ BirdLife International (2004). Geothlypis trichas. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 9 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
- ^ "Common Yellowthroat". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Common_Yellowthroat/id. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
- ^ Curson, Quinn and Beadle New World Warblers ISBN 0-7136-3932-6
Further reading
Books
- Guzy, M. J., and G. Ritchison. 1999. Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas). In The Birds of North America, No. 448 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
Thesis
- Ball RM, Jr. Ph.D. (1990). The phylogeography of avian species: Observations and expectations. University of Georgia, United States, Georgia.
- Boarman WI. Ph.D. (1992). The evolution of avian song: A study of the impact of sound propagation on animal communication. Rutgers The State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, United States, New Jersey.
- Brown BT. Ph.D. (1987). Ecology of riparian breeding birds along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona. The University of Arizona, United States, Arizona.
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- Garvin JC. Ph.D. (2006). Male ornaments, extra-pair mating, and immunocompetence in the common yellowthroat. The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, United States, Wisconsin.
- Hofslund PB. Ph.D. (1954). A LIFE HISTORY STUDY OF THE YELLOW-THROAT, Geothlypis trichas. University of Michigan, United States, Michigan.
- Hull SD. Ph.D. (2002). The relationships among vegetative structure, arthropod populations, and grassland bird abundance and reproductive success on wildlife production areas in Ohio. The Ohio State University, United States, Ohio.
- Klicka JT. M.S. (1994). The biological and taxonomic status of the Brownsville yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas insperata). Texas A&M University - Kingsville, United States, Texas.
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Names and Taxonomy
Taxonomy
Comments: Exhibits relatively deep mtDNA separations between populations in Washington and those in the central and eastern states (Ball and Avise 1992). Populations around Lake Chapala, Jalisco, regarded as a distinct group, CHAPALENSIS (AOU 1998). Sometimes regarded as conspecific with G. ROSTRATA, G. FLAVOVELATA, and G. BELDINGI (AOU 1983). Further study required of species relationships with Geothlypis (AOU 1998).
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