Table of Contents
Overview
Distribution
Geographic Range
Bohemian waxwings are native to the Nearctic and Palearctic regions. Their range during times of breeding in the Nearctic region spans as far west as central Alaska and as far east as the central part of Ontario. Most breeding regions do not extend any farther south than the most southern part of British Columbia. They normally do not breed north of Alaska or Nova Scotia. In March and April, this species migrates south to southwest British Columbia and the northern United States. In the Palearctic region breeding occurs in the northern parts of Eurasia, most commonly in Scandinavia, Russia and Siberia. These populations migrate south to central Europe and east to central Japan in the non-breeding season.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); palearctic (Native )
Other Geographic Terms: holarctic
- Witmer, M. 2002. Bohemian Waxwing (Bombycilla Garrulus). The Birds of North America, Vol. 714. Philadelphia, PA: The Birds of North America Inc.. Accessed October 16, 2008 at http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/714 doi:10.2173/bna.714.
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National Distribution
Canada
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Type of Residency: Year-round
United States
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Type of Residency: Year-round
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Global Range: BREEDING: in North America from western and northern Alaska east to Mackenzie Delta and south through Canada to central Washingon, northern Idaho, and northwestern Montana. In Eurasia from northern Scandinavia east across northern Russia to northern Siberia. NON-BREEDING: in North America from southeastern Alaska south through Canada, western U.S., wandering to southern California, northern Texas, New Jersey, and Newfoundland. In Eurasia from breeding range south to British Isles, central and southeastern Europe, Asia Minor, Iran, Turkestan, Mongolia, Manchuria, Ussuriland, Korea, Japan, and the Kurile Islands (AOU 1983).
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Physical Description
Morphology
Physical Description
Bohemian waxwings are described as starling-sized, having sleek crests, gray overall, with face washed in chestnut. The tip of the tail has a yellow band. Adult males have a throat patch that is larger than that of females and a broader yellow tip to the tail. The common name, "waxwing," comes from the red waxy tips on their secondary feathers. A similar species, cedar waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum), are smaller, having a pale yellow belly, and wings that are not as colorful. Juvenile Bohemian waxwings have plumage that is more gray than that of adults, with a whitish throat, and streaked underparts.
Range mass: 46.5 to 69.0 g.
Range length: 159 to 203 mm.
Range wingspan: 30 to 36 cm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger
- Tyne, J., A. Berger. 1976. Fundamentals of Ornithology. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
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Size
Ecology
Habitat
Habitat and Ecology
- Terrestrial
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Habitat
During the breeding season, Bohemian waxwings are most common in woodlands ranging from coniferous to coniferous-deciduous. This species also inhabits areas around lakes, streams, and swamps. Typically, they inhabit areas where they can forage for fruits and insects in plentiful amounts. During spring and fall migration they abandon woodlands to seek areas high in fruit abundance, including urban habitats. When food resources diminish, they relocate. During winter seasons, Bohemian waxwings are found in woodland or scrub areas with fruit that remains on branches.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: taiga ; forest ; scrub forest
Other Habitat Features: urban ; suburban ; agricultural ; riparian
- Ehrlich, P., D. Dobkin, D. Wheye. 1988. The Birder's Handbook. New York, New York: Simon & Schuster Inc..
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Comments: Open coniferous or deciduous forest, muskeg and, less frequently, mixed coniferous-deciduous woodland; in migration and winter also open woodland, vineyards, suburban gardens, and parks (AOU 1983). BREEDING: Nests in trees, usually on outer horizontal limb, 1-15 m above ground (Terres 1980).
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Migration
Non-Migrant: No. All populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations.
Locally Migrant: Yes. At least some populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e.g., to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites).
Locally Migrant: Yes. At least some populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km.
Withdraws southward from northern half of breeding range in winter. Wanders irregularly east and south in fall and winter when berry supply is low.
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Trophic Strategy
Food Habits
Bohemian waxwings are frugivorous and insectivorous. The main source of food is sugary fruits. Bohemian waxwings have a large liver which helps convert sugar to energy. They also have the ability to metabolize ethanol from the fermentation of those sugary fruits. Favorite fruits in North America include juniper (Juniperus virginiana) and mountain ash (Sorbus americana). Bohemian waxwings also feed on aerial insects during the summer. In late spring and early summer insects, especially midges (Chironomidae) and mosquitos (Culicidae), make up about 37% of their diet. Insects are also favored during nesting. When preferred food sources are less abundant, they feed on flowers and sap from trees.
Animal Foods: insects
Plant Foods: fruit; flowers; sap or other plant fluids
Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore ); herbivore (Frugivore )
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Comments: Feeds on insects and some berries during the summer. At other times of the year feeds mostly on fruits and berries (e.g., mountain ash fruits, cedar and juniper berries). Flies out from a perch and catches insects in the air.
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Associations
Ecosystem Roles
Bohemian waxwings are preyed on by falcons and hawks. They are important seed dispersers and prey on small, flying insects. There are 2 types of protozoan parasites documented in Bohemian waxwings: Leucocytozoon and Trypanosoma.
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
- Stabler, R., N. Kitzmiller. 1970. Hematozoa from Colorado birds. III. Passeriformes. Journal of Parasitology, 56/1: 12-16.
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Predation
Bohemian waxwings are preyed on mainly by birds of prey, including merlins (Falco columbarius), which prey extensively on winter flocks, prairie falcons (Falco mexicanus), rough-legged hawks (Buteo lagopus), and Eurasian sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus). When approached, Bohemian waxwings adopt a cryptic posture with neck and bill extended skyward while they remain very still. If the cryptic posture fails to be effective, they fly upward and chatter loudly to warn other waxwings of a threat.
Known Predators:
- merlins (Falco columbarius)
- prairie falcons (Falco mexicanus)
- rough-legged hawks (Buteo lagopus)
- Eurasian sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus)
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
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General Ecology
Life History and Behavior
Behavior
Communication and Perception
Bohemian waxwings usually communicate through vocalizations, similar to their close relatives, cedar waxwings. Social calls are described as a trilling "zeee". Hatchlings also use a quiet trill with parents. The basic call is a high pitched, rapid trill that has a variety of frequencies and is generally lower in pitch than that of cedar waxwings When mates are within range of each other contact calls are used. These are normally softer and higher in pitch than the social call. A courtship call consists of a very wide frequency spread. Both mates give courtship calls during nest-building and courtship interaction. Females continue to give courtship calls while feeding and sitting in the nest. A disturbance call is normally characterized by a long descending whistle. The disturbance call is used during nest-building and incubation. No injury or begging calls have been reported in Bohemian waxwings.
Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic
Other Communication Modes: duets ; choruses
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Life Expectancy
Lifespan/Longevity
The longest reported lifespan for a banded bird in North America was 5 years 10 months. This species is recorded living as long as 12 years in Europe. The main causes of mortality are predation, competition between similar species, and failure to fully metabolize ethanol produced from the consumption of fruits (intoxication).
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 12 (high) years.
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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
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Reproduction
Reproduction
Bohemian waxwings find mates during winter and spring flocks through courtship feeding behavior and courtship hopping. Courtship feeding and hopping happens when the male and female are perched and they in turn hop toward one another until they are close enough to touch bills. Once they are close, they pass food or other objects back and forth while hopping away and then back toward the mate before returning the object. This exchange can happen several times. It is thought that red wax on the wings is used to attract females. The older, and potentially more experienced, males have the largest amount of waxy substance on the tips of their secondary feathers. Males with more wax are preferred by females.
Mating System: monogamous
Breeding season of Bohemian waxwings occurs at the same time as the ripening of fruit in the summer. This species breeds later than most birds, even later than their close relatives, cedar waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum). The typical breeding season is between March and April or as late as May to late June. The typical brood consists of 4 to 6 smooth, glossy eggs that are pale blue-gray marked with black dots and wavy lines. Eggs are sub-elliptical to oval and 25 x 17 mm. Hatchlings are naked, with a red mouth with purple bands and a purplish tongue. Fledging time is 15 to 17 days. Young leave the nest barely able to fly, after 18 days. Fledging occurs from mid-June to mid-August, with most fledging in July.
Breeding interval: Breeding occurs once a year, occasionally twice a year if the first breeding attempt is prior to March.
Breeding season: Breeding occurs from March to late June.
Range eggs per season: 4 to 6.
Range time to hatching: 13 to 14 days.
Range fledging age: 15 to 17 days.
Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
Female Bohemian waxwings incubate their eggs for 14 to 15 days. Although incubation is only completed by females, both females and males feed the young. Males may spend more time feeding the young once they have hatched. Both parents may continue to feed young after fledging for up to two weeks.
Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female)
- Baicich, P., C. Harrison. 1997. A Guide to the Nests, Eggs, and Nestlings of North American Birds. San Diego, California: Academic Press.
- Ehrlich, P., D. Dobkin, D. Wheye. 1988. The Birder's Handbook. New York, New York: Simon & Schuster Inc..
- Tyne, J., A. Berger. 1976. Fundamentals of Ornithology. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
- Witmer, M. 2002. Bohemian Waxwing (Bombycilla Garrulus). The Birds of North America, Vol. 714. Philadelphia, PA: The Birds of North America Inc.. Accessed October 16, 2008 at http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/714 doi:10.2173/bna.714.
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Female incubates 4-6 eggs for ca. 14 days. Nestlings altricial. Young tended by both adults, leave the nest about 13-15 days after hatching (Terres 1980).
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Bombycilla garrulus
There are 12 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
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Download FASTA File
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Bombycilla garrulus
Public Records: 12
Species: 15
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Conservation
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Version
Year Assessed
Assessor/s
Reviewer/s
Contributor/s
Justification
History
- 2008Least Concern
- 2004Least Concern
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Conservation Status
Bohemian waxwing populations are increasing due to conservation of shrub lands in the United States. Some of the problems facing Bohemian waxwing populations are collisions with windows, automobile collisions, and the toxic effects of pesticides.
US Migratory Bird Act: protected
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
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National NatureServe Conservation Status
Canada
Rounded National Status Rank: N5B,N5N : N5B: Secure - Breeding, N5N: Secure - Nonbreeding
United States
Rounded National Status Rank: N5B,N5N : N5B: Secure - Breeding, N5N: Secure - Nonbreeding
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NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Benefits
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
There are no known adverse effects of Bohemian waxwings on humans.
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Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
Bohemian waxwings are sought after by bird watchers and they provide important ecosystem services by dispersing the seeds of the fruiting trees and shrubs they eat.
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Wikipedia
Bohemian Waxwing
The Bohemian Waxwing (Bombycilla garrulus) is a member of the waxwing family of passerines. A sleek bird, 18–21 cm long with a pointed crest, it travels in large, nomadic groups with a strong, direct flight. It breeds in coniferous forests throughout the most northern parts of Europe, Asia and western North America. As the Cedar Waxwing inhabits only North America and the Japanese Waxwing only Asia, the Bohemian Waxwing is the only member of this family whose range circumnavigates all the continents just below the sub-Arctic latitudes.
Contents |
Description
It is larger, fatter and greyer than the Cedar Waxwing and has bright yellow, black or rusty orange color on its tail feather tips and a yellow, white, red or black stripe along the wing feathers. Under tail coverts are a deep rust color. Both beak and feet are dark and the brown eyes are set in a narrow black mask underlined with white.
The call is a pleasant ringing sound, similar to that of the Cedar Waxwing but lower-pitched.
Breeding
The preferred nest location is usually high in a pine tree but feeding opportunities determine the location chosen. Each bird or pair may have more than one nest in the same general area. The nests have an outer diameter of 15 cm to 18 cm and are lined with fine grass, moss, and down. On average, 4 to 6 eggs are laid, the egg shells having a pale bluish color with a heavy sprinkling of blackish spots and some dark, irregular lines. Incubation is around 14 days and the young leave the nest about 13 to 15 days after hatching.
Food and movements
Like other waxwings, its diet consists primarily of berries supplemented by insects, especially during the breeding season.
This species is irruptive, moving in unpredictable migration patterns from year to year, and particularly moving south, often in huge numbers, if the berry supply fails in winter.
Birds in winter can be very confiding and will come into gardens for berry bushes and trees, a favourite being the rowan.
Etymology
Its English name refers to the bright red bead-like tips of the secondary feathers on its wings, which look like drops of sealing wax, while 'Bohemian' refers to the Romani (gypsies), with a comparison to this bird's wandering,[2] or to its (presumed) origin from Bohemia (at the time, a relatively unknown "distant, eastern" place to most English speakers).[citation needed]
The generic name Bombycilla, from Latin Bombyx (silk / silk moth) + Scientific Latin cilla (tail),[3] is a direct translation of the Swedish name 'Sidensvans', silk-tail, and refers to the silky-soft plumage of the bird; the species name garrulus means 'talkative' and refers to a resemblance to the European Jay, Glandularius garrulus,[2].
Gallery
References
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bombycilla garrulus |
- ^ * BirdLife International (2004). Bombycilla garrulus. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 12 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
- ^ a b Holloway, Joel Ellis (2003). Dictionary of Birds of the United States: Scientific and Common Names. Timber Press. p. 39. ISBN 0-88192-600-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=O07_W9NF39MC&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2010-05-28.
- ^ For more on the origin of Bombycilla see Waxwing.
Further reading
 | This article's further reading may not follow Wikipedia's content policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive, less relevant or many publications with the same point of view; or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (February 2011) |
Book
- Witmer, M. C. 2002. Bohemian Waxwing (Bombycilla garrulus). In The Birds of North America, No. 714 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
Thesis
- Burns JB. M.S. (2000). Sexual dichromatism in Bohemian waxwings. Utah State University, United States—Utah.
- Howell JC. Ph.D. (1973). COMMUNICATIVE BEHAVIOR IN THE CEDAR WAXWING (Bombycilla cedrorum) AND THE BOHEMIAN WAXWING (Bombycilla garrulus). University of Michigan, United States—Michigan.
Articles
- Babo T. (1981). Mass Occurrence of the Waxwing Bombycilla-Garrulus in the District of Nitra Slovakia Czechoslovakia and Its Close Surroundings. Zbornik Slovenskeho Narodneho Muzea Prirodne Vedy. vol 27, pp. 141–146.
- Berthold P. (1976). The Waxwing Bombycilla-Garrulus as a Frugivorous Feeding Specialist. Experientia. vol 32, no 11.
- Bojanski T. (1967). Mass Appearance of Bohemian Waxwing Bombycilla-Garrulus in Old City Stare Miasto Warsaw Poland. Notatki Ornitologiczne. vol 8, no 2-3. pp. 61–62.
- Borowski S. (1966). On the Food of the Bohemian Waxwing Bombycilla-Garrulus Mistletoe-D Snowberry-D Wayfaring-Tree-D. Przeglad Zoologiczny. vol 10, no 1. pp. 62–64.
- Car Z. (1973). The Spring Migration of the Waxwing Bombycilla-Garrulus in 1954. Larus. vol 10, no 1973.
- Cornai R. (1980). Waxwings Bombycilla-Garrulus in Backa Voivodina in 1954. Larus. vol 8.
- Cvitanic A. (1958). Observation of the Waxwings Bombycilla-Garrulus Nutrition in Captivity. Larus. vol 13, pp. 49–50.
- Cvitanic A. (1960). Characters of Specimens of Waxwing Bombycilla-Garrulus Collected in Croatia Slovenia Serbia and Vojvodina. Larus. vol 14, pp. 121–126.
- Dathe H. (1992). Another note on reports of waxwing Bombycilla garrulus in Italy 1946/1947. Beitraege zur Vogelkunde. vol 38, no 4.
- De Juana E. (2005). Report on rare birds in Spain in 2003. Ardeola. vol 52, no 1. pp. 185–206.
- Dorning H. (1980). Unusual Feather Ornament of the Waxwing Bombycilla-Garrulus-Garrulus. Larus. vol 3, no 49.
- Durnev Yu A, Lipin SI, Sirokhin IN & Sonin VD. (1982). An Experiment in Studying Bird Diet Using Fecal Analysis. Biologicheskie Nauki. vol 9, pp. 103–107.
- Englund R. (1993). Fruit removal in Viburnum opulus: Copious seed predation and sporadic massive seed dispersal in a temperate shrub. Oikos. vol 67, no 3. pp. 503–510.
- Erard C. (1967). Irruption of Chatterers Bombycilla-Garrulus in France in 1965–1966. Alauda. vol 35, no 4. pp. 270–287.
- Eriksson K & Nummi H. (1983). Alcohol Accumulation from Ingested Berries and Alcohol Metabolism in Passerine Birds. Ornis Fennica. vol 60, no 1. pp. 2–9.
- Fernbach J. (1960). Waxwings Bombycilla-Garrulus in Winter 1959–1960 in Subotica. Larus. vol 14, no 154.
- Fischer W, Minnemann D, Grummt W, Dathe H & Creutz G. (1975). A Conspicuous Return of the Waxwing Bombycilla-Garrulus to the Berlin Area in the Spring of 1972. Beitraege zur Vogelkunde. vol 21, no 6. pp. 492–493.
- Fouarge J & Vandevondele P. (2005). Synthesis on the exceptional invasion of Waxwings (Bombycilla garrulus) in Europe in 2004–2005. Aves. vol 42, no 4. pp. 281–311.
- Fouarge J & Vandevondele P. (2006). The Waxwings (Bombycilla garrulus) during the 2004–2005 invasion. Analysis of Belgian and Luxemburg data. Notes on behavior in Belgium and Europe. Aves. vol 43, no 3. pp. 129–156.
- Grubbe O. (1971). Further Observations on the Bohemian Waxwing. Gefiederte Welt. vol 95, no 8. pp. 153–154.
- Harmata W. (1987). On Food in Waxwing Bombycilla-Garrulus L. Field and Laboratory Observations. Przeglad Zoologiczny. vol 31, no 3. pp. 359–364.
- Hilden O. (1977). Occurrence of Irregular Migrants in Finland in 1976. Ornis Fennica. vol 54, no 4. pp. 170–179.
- Houston CS. (1968). Bohemian Waxwing Banding. Ring International Ornithological Bulletin. vol 55, pp. 116–118.
- Hummel ER. (1971). The 1st Waxwings Bombycilla-Garrulus. Gefiederte Welt. vol 95, no 12.
- Jacob J-P. (1996). Invasion of waxwings (Bombycilla garrulus) in the beginning of 1996 in Wallonia and in Brussels. Aves. vol 33, no 3. pp. 137–152.
- James PC, Smith AR, Oliphant LW & Warkentin IG. (1987). Northward Expansion of the Wintering Range of Richardson's Merlin. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 58, no 2. pp. 112–117.
- Johnson JW. (1970). Bohemian Waxwing Ceremony at Huron. South Dakota Bird Notes. vol 22, no 3. pp. 103–104.
- Kalden G. (2003). [Observations of Bombycilla garrulus in the winter of 2002-03.]. Vogelkundliche Hefte Edertal. vol 29, pp. 55–58.
- Kalden G. (2005). Largest Bohemian waxwing invasion (Bombycilla garrulus) in forty years. Vogelkundliche Hefte Edertal. vol 31, pp. 68–71.
- Keve A. (1972). 2 Year Waxwing Bombycilla-Garrulus-Garrulus Invasion. Larus. vol 5, pp. 53–60.
- Keve A. (1980). 10 Year Study of Waxwing Bombycilla-Garrulus Invasions in Hungary and in the Carpathian Basin 1938–1939 1947–1948. Larus. vol 3, pp. 43–47.
- Klein B. (1971). Bombycilla-Garrulus and Nucifraga-Caryocatactes. Alauda. vol 39, no 1. pp. 78–79.
- Koenig WD & Knops JMH. (2001). Seed-crop size and eruptions of North American boreal seed-eating birds. Journal of Animal Ecology. vol 70, no 4. pp. 609–620.
- Kollar HP & Seiter M. (1991). Irruption of the Waxwing Bombycilla-Garrulus in the Riverside Forests Along the Danube Austria East of Vienna in 1988-89 and 1989-90. Egretta. vol 34, no 1. pp. 42–49.
- Kolunen H & Vikberg P. (1978). Migrations of the Waxwing Bombycilla-Garrulus 1969–1977 Paijat-Hame. Ornis Fennica. vol 55, no 3. pp. 126–131.
- Krauss W. (1972). Report on the Waxwing Bombycilla-Garrulus 1970-71 Invasion in Bavaria. Anzeiger der Ornithologischen Gesellschaft in Bayern. vol 11, no 1. pp. 54–57.
- Kroneisl R. (1971). Waxwings Bombycilla-Garrulus in the Winter of 1947–1948. Larus. vol 2, no 113.
- Kroneisl R. (1980). Occurrence of Waxing Bombycilla-Garrulus in Yugoslavia in 1949. Larus. vol 3, no 281.
- Kumerloeve H. (1980). Invasion of the Waxwing Bombycilla-Garrulus During the Winter of 1941 1942. Larus. vol 8.
- Milberg P & Tyrberg T. (1990). Do the Feeding Habits of Birds Determine the Distribution of Mistletoe Viscum-Album in Sweden. Fauna och Flora Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet. vol 85, no 6. pp. 253–259.
- Moltoni E. (1971). The Appearance of the Bohemian Waxwing Bombycilla-Garrulus in Italy in 1970–1971. Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia. vol 41, no 3. pp. 150–160.
- Moltoni E. (1974). Notes on the Appearance in Italy of the Bohemian Waxwing Bombycilla-Garrulus-Garrulus in 1971–1972 with Accompanying Data on Incursions During Recent Years. Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia. vol 44, no 3. pp. 197–205.
- Moltoni E & Brichetti P. (1976). Note on the Appearance in Italy of the Bohemian Waxwing Bombycilla-Garrulus in 1974–1975 and 1975–1976 Fall and Water Seasons. Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia. vol 46, no 1. pp. 24–32.
- Nankinow D. (1993). Invasion of waxwings (Bombycilla garrulus L.) in Bulgaria and considerations on its spreading to eastern Europe. Beitraege zur Vogelkunde. vol 39, no 6. pp. 361–375.
- Peck MK, Coady G, Binsfeld G & Konze KR. (2004). First documented nest record of Bohemian Waxwing in Ontario. Ontario Birds. vol 22, no 1. pp. 9–14.
- Pelle I. (1969). Waxwings Bombycilla-Garrulus in the Banat Yugoslavia in Winter 1970-71. Larus. vol 23, no 207.
- Pelle I. (1980). Waxwings Bombycilla-Garrulus in Stara Kanjiza in Winter 1953 1954. Larus. vol 8.
- Petersen MR, Weir DN & Dick MH. (1991). Birds of the Kilbuck and Ahklun Mountain Region Alaska. North American Fauna. vol 76, pp. 1–158.
- Plath L. (1983). Kestrel Falco-Tinnunculus Kills Waxwing Bombycilla-Garrulus. Beitraege zur Vogelkunde. vol 29, no 4. pp. 247–248.
- Plini P. (1989). A Record of Waxwing Bombycilla-Garrulus in Latium Central Italy. Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia. vol 59, no 3-4. pp. 309–310.
- Preuss NO. (1968). Influx of Waxwings Bombycilla-Garrulus in Denmark 1965–1966. Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift. vol 62, no 2. pp. 105–125.
- Preuss NO. (1969). Influx of Waxwings Bombycilla-Garrulus in Denmark 1966–1967. Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift. vol 63, no 1. pp. 45–49.
- Ptaszyk J. (2004). Numbers, phenology and diet of the Waxwing Bombycilia garrulus in Poznan in 1966/1967–1995/1996. Notatki Ornitologiczne. vol 45, no 4. pp. 229–240.
- Rafajlovic A. (1972). Incidence of Waxwings Bombycilla-Garrulus in Subotica in 1958. Larus. vol 11, no 120.
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Source:
Wikipedia
Unreviewed
