The following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners. There may be duplication.

References

• 1. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2003 (March 2004) http://www.redlist.org
• 1996. database, U. S. Dept. Interior
• 1996. database, NODC Taxonomic Code
• 2. BirdLife International 2003 Birdlife’s online World Bird Database: the site for bird conservation Version 2.0. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International (March 2004) http://www.birdlife.net/datazone/search/species_search.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3864&m=1
• 2002. "Longevity and Causes of Death" (On-line). Seaworld and Busch Gardens. Accessed November 11, 2006 at http://www.seaworld.org/infobooks/Penguins/longevity.html.
• 2011. IOC World Bird List, Master List v2.9
• 2011. Zoonomen - Zoological Nomenclature Resource, 2011.02.08
• 3. Galapagos Online (March 2004) http://www.galapagosonline.com/Galapagos_Natural_History/Birds_and_Animals/Birds/Penguins.html
• 4. Chan, A. & Durham, W. (2002) Adaptations of the Galapagos penguin for a harsh and unpredictable environment. (March 2004) http://www.stanford.edu/class/anthsci10sc/2002_galapagos_website/Albert-Penguin.htm
• 5. Penguin Taxon Advisory Group (March 2004) http://www.penguintag.org/species_index_galapogos.htm
• 6. International Penguin Conservation Work Group (March 2004) http://www.penguins.cl/galapagos-penguins.htm
• 7. MILLS, K.L. (2000). Diving behaviour of two Galapagos Penguins Spheniscus mendiculus. Marine Ornithology 28: 75–79. Available at http://www.marineornithology.org/PDF/28_1/28_1_12.pdf
• Adriaens, P. (2012). Spheniscus mendiculus Sundevall, 1871. Accessed through: Land J. van der (ed). (2008) UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO) at http://www.marinespecies.org/urmo/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=344001 on 2013-03-02
• Benthall, S. 2006. "Current Programmes" (On-line). Galapagos Conservation Trust. Accessed November 14, 2006 at http://www.gct.org/funded.html.
• Bingham, M. 2006. "Galapagos Penguin" (On-line). Accessed November 14, 2006 at http://www.penguins.cl/galapagos-penguins.htm.
• BirdLife International 2010. Spheniscus mendiculus
• Boersma, P. 1998. Population trends of the Galapagos penguin: impacts of El Nino and La Nina. The Condor, 100: 245-253.
• Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson. 2012. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/downloadable-clements-checklist
• Davis, L., J. Darby. 1990. Penguin Biology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc.
• Davis, L., M. Renner. 2003. Penguins. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
• Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. 2005. Galapagos Islands. Pp. 80 in The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Micropaedia, Vol. Volume 5, 15th Edition Edition. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc..
• Gill, Frank, and Minturn Wright. 2006. Birds of the World: Recommended English Names
• Gill, Frank, and Minturn Wright. 2006. Birds of the World: Recommended English Names. ix + 259
• Gorman, J. 1990. The Total Penguin. New York, NY: Prentice Hall Press.
• Harris, M. 1974. A Field Guide To The Birds of Galapagos. Glasgow: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd.
• Lynch, W. 1997. Penguins of the World. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books (U.S.) Inc.
• Marshall Editions Developments Limited. 1990. Penguins, The Galapagos Penguin. Pp. 49 in J Elphick, ed. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Birds: The Definitive Reference to Birds of the World, Vol. 1, 1st Edition. New York, NY: Prentice Hall Press.
• Muller-Schwarze, D. 1984. The Behavior of Penguins: Adapted to Ice and Tropics. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
• Orrell T. (custodian) (2013). ITIS Global: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System (version Sept 12). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 11th March 2013 (Roskov Y., Kunze T., Paglinawan L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Hernandez F., De Wever A., eds). Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/col/. Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• Richdale, L. 1951. Sexual Behavior in Penguins. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press.
• Sibley, C., B. Monroe Jr. 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
• Simpson, G. 1976. Penguins: Past and Present, Here and There. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
• Sparks, J., T. Soper. 1987. Penguins. New York, NY: Facts on File, Inc.
• Stonehouse, B. 1975. The Biology of Penguins. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.
• UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms