Tringa guttifer — Details

Nordmann's Greenshank learn more about names for this taxon

Overview

Brief Summary

Biology

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Arriving at northern Sakhalin, Russia, in the last ten days of May, Nordmann's greenshanks display and breed until July. Loose clusters of three to ten pairs build nests of larch twigs and lichens, on wind-bent larch trunks or thick branches in sparsely wooded swamps. Four eggs are laid in the nest, which is well concealed from above by the tree canopy. Both the male and female contribute to incubation, and the eggs hatch between the last week of June and mid July. Once hatched, the adults lead the chicks to coastal meadows where the broods stay near shallow ponds obscured by dense vegetation. They all feed on sticklebacks, terrestrial invertebrates, small crustaceans, molluscs, and worms. Adults leave on the return migration in late July and early August, but juveniles remain longer, leaving in early September. At the wintering grounds, they consume small fish, crustaceans, larvae, and small molluscs, and have a preference for crabs. They feed by probing into mud, catching prey from the water surface, running after crabs and plunging the head into deeper water (6).
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Comprehensive Description

Description

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With white spots on the black upper side and black spots on the white underside, Nordmann's greenshank is easily recognisable. The spots of the upper side blend together, forming streaks on the head and upper neck, whereas on the underside they fade out altogether towards the hind belly. In flight, the uniformly grey tail can be seen extending beyond the tips of the toes. The beak is long and straight for probing into mudflats and the legs are also long. Juveniles are browner than adults, with a pale brown breast and wing edges (2).
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Distribution

Range Description

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Tringa guttifer breeds in eastern Russia along the south-western and northern coasts of the Sea of Okhotsk and on Sakhalin Island. Its non-breeding range is not fully understood, but significant numbers have been recorded on passage in South Korea, mainland China, Hong Kong (China), and Taiwan (China), whilst wintering birds have been recorded in Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and Malaysia. It has also been recorded on passage or in winter in Japan, North Korea, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar (which may yet prove to be an important part of its wintering range), Singapore, the Philippines, Indonesia and Australia1. There are unconfirmed records from Nepal and Guam (to US). Recent surveys of 100 sites in Peninsular Malaysia recorded 146 individuals at four sites2. It is thought to have a population of 500-1,000 individuals.
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Historic Range:
Russia, Japan, south to Malaya, Borneo

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Source: US Fish and Wildlife Service - Endangered Species Program

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Range

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Breeding along the southwestern and northern coasts of the Sea of Okhotsk and on Sakhalin Island, eastern Russia, Nordmann's greenshank migrates bi-annually, but the wintering range is not fully understood. During the migration, large numbers of this species have been recorded in South Korea, mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Over winter it has been found in significant numbers in Bangladesh, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Peninsular Malaysia. It has also been recorded in Japan, North Korea, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Singapore, the Philippines, and Indonesia (2).
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Ecology

Habitat

Habitat and Ecology

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Habitat and Ecology
Its breeding habitat is a combination of sparse larch Larix forest for nesting, wet coastal meadows interspersed with piles of driftwood, and coastal mudflats which are used by the adults for feeding. Wintering birds usually frequent estuaries, coastal mudflats and lowland swamps, and sometimes damp meadows, saltpans and rice-fields.

Systems
  • Terrestrial
  • Freshwater
  • Marine
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Habitat

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During the breeding season Nordmann's greenshank feeds in wet coastal meadows and coastal mudflats, and nests in sparse larch (Larix) forest (2).
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Conservation

Conservation Status

IUCN Red List Assessment

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Red List Category
EN
Endangered

Red List Criteria
C2a(i)

Version
3.1

Year Assessed
2008

Assessor/s
BirdLife International

Reviewer/s
Gilroy, J., Butchart, S.

Contributor/s
Boyle, A., Li, Z.

Justification
This species is listed as Endangered as it has a very small population which is declining as a result of the development of coastal wetlands throughout its range, principally for industry, infrastructure projects and aquaculture.

History
  • 2006
    Endangered
  • 2004
    Endangered
  • 2000
    Endangered
  • 1996
    Endangered
  • 1994
    Endangered
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Population detail:

Population location: entire
Listing status: E

For most current information and documents related to the conservation status and management of Tringa guttifer , see its USFWS Species Profile
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Source: US Fish and Wildlife Service - Endangered Species Program

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Status

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Nordmann's greenshank is classified as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1) and is listed on Appendix I of CITES (3). It is also listed on Appendix I of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS or Bonn Convention) (4) and Appendix III of the Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (5).
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Population

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Population
BirdLife International (2001) estimated 250-999, but lower limit probably nearer 500 as 100 estimated in Malaysia (Li et al. 2005), 100-200 in Thailand (P. Round in litt. 2005 to Wetlands International 2006), c.100 in Myanmar (D. Li in litt. to Wetlands International 2006), plus unknown but low numbers in NE india, Bangladesh and Sumatra.

Population Trend
Decreasing
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Threats

Threats

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Major Threats
The key threats are the development of coastal wetlands throughout Asia for industry, infrastructure and aquaculture, and the degradation of its breeding habitat in Russia by grazing reindeer. Pollution in coastal wetlands, hunting and human disturbance are further threats.
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Threats

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The major threats to this species include the development of coastal wetlands for industry and aquaculture, and habitat degradation due to grazing reindeer in Russia, as well as pollution. Hunting and human disturbance have also contributed to population declines (2).
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Management

Conservation Actions

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Conservation Actions
Conservation Actions Underway
CITES Appendix I. CMS Appendix II. In Russia, protected areas have been established in northern Sakhalin, along the coasts and islands of Nabilski and in Dagi and Piltun Bays, and it is partially protected on Kamchatka in the Kronotsk Reserve and on the Moroshechnaya river. Key protected and non-hunting areas along its migration route include the Yellow River delta, Yancheng and Chongming Dongtan (China), Mai Po (Hong Kong), Ko Libong (Thailand), Peam Krasop (Cambodia), and Xuan Thuy (Vietnam).

Conservation Actions Proposed
Conduct surveys to the south-west of Okhotsk and between the Ul'beya river and Cape Onatsevich (Russia). Research its status and conservation at potentially important wintering grounds in the Irrawaddy delta (Myanmar) and Ganges delta (Bangladesh). Establish further protected areas in its breeding grounds, at least at Konstantin Bay in Khabarovsk (Russia), as well as important sites in the winter range. Draft management plans for coastal wetlands to promote their conservation. Ban the hunting of all shorebirds in its breeding grounds. Provide full legal protection throughout the range.

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Conservation

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This species benefits from protection in several areas in Russia, as well as from protected and non-hunting areas along the migration route, including the Yellow River Delta, Yancheng, and Chongming Dongtan in China, Mai Po in Hong Kong, Ko Libong in Thailand, Peam Krasop in Cambodia, and Zuan Thuy in Vietnam. Surveys are planned for the southwest of Okhotsk, as well as between the Ul'beya River and Cape Onatsevich, Russia. Further research into the status and necessary conservation actions is needed at potentially important wintering grounds in the Ayeyarwady Delta (formerly Irrawaddy) in Burma. Key actions to be completed also include the promotion of the conservation of coastal wetlands, the prohibition of hunting of all shorebirds in the breeding grounds of Nordmann's greenshank and full legal protection throughout its range (2).
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Wikipedia

Nordmann's Greenshank

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The Nordmann's Greenshank or Spotted Greenshank Tringa guttifer is a wader in the large family Scolopacidae, the typical waders.

It is a medium-sized sandpiper, 29-32 cm long, with a slightly upturned, bicoloured bill and shortish yellow legs. Breeding adults are boldly marked, with whitish spots and spangling on blackish upperside, heavily streaked head and upper neck, broad blackish crescentic spots on lower neck and breast and darker lores.

TotanusHaughtoniSmit.jpg

The Nordmann's Greenshank breeds in eastern Russia along the south-western and northern coasts of the Sea of Okhotsk and on Sakhalin Island. Its non-breeding range is not fully understood, but significant numbers have been recorded in South Korea, mainland China, Hong Kong (China), and Taiwan (China) on passage, and in Bangladesh, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and Peninsular Malaysia in winter. It has also been recorded on passage or in winter in Japan, North Korea, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar (which may prove to be an important part of its wintering range), Singapore, the Philippines and Indonesia. There are unconfirmed records from Nepal and Guam (to US). It probably has a population of 500-1,000 individuals.

It is fairly aberrant and was formerly placed in the monotypic genus Pseudototanus. It is an endangered species, and was not available for molecular analyses in Pereira & Baker's study (2005) of the genus Tringa. It appears closest overall to the semipalmata-flavipes and the stagnatilis-totanus-glareola groups, though it also has some similarities to the Greater Yellowlegs and Common Greenshank.

References

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