Overview
Distribution
Range Description
Podiceps gallardoi breeds on a few basaltic lakes in the interior of Santa Cruz, extreme south-west Argentina, and casually near Torres del Paine, in Magallanes, south Chile5; the only known wintering grounds are the río Coyle and río Gallegos estuaries on the Atlantic coast of Santa Cruz2,8. The total population was estimated at 3,000-5,000 individuals in 1997 with half of these on Meseta de Strobel5. Counts on the wintering grounds suggested a decline of 40% over a seven year period7, and surveys conducted in December 2006 and January 2009 that revisited key known breeding sites surveyed in 1987 (Lagunas del Sello, del Isolte and Tolderia Grande) and 1998 (Encadenadas) also found sharp declines; numbers fell from 452 to 51 at Laguna del Sello, from 700 to 0 at Laguna del Islote, from 90 to 0 at Tolderia Grande9 and from 198 to 0 at Lagunas Encadenadas10. While there is speculation that numbers fluctuate dramatically at breeding sites from year to year driven by movements rather than actual population fluctuations3, overall declines detected on the wintering and breeding grounds appear to be real and rapid. Examination of photographs from the 1980s suggests that P. gallardoi was formerly the commonest waterbird on its core breeding grounds, the Buenos Aires, Strobel and San Martin plateaus; the 2009 surveys visited two of these areas and recorded the declines above as well as noting that a number of former breeding sites were completely dry. The global population is now suspected to number well below 2,500 mature individuals.
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Ecology
Habitat
Habitat and Ecology
Habitat and Ecology
Systems
During the breeding season, it inhabits basaltic lakes in the arid Patagonian steppes at elevations of 500-1,200 m4; saline and bitter-salt lakes are used by non-breeding flocks and at least some birds wintering on the Argentine coast2. Aquatic vegetation (mainly Myriophyllum elatinoides) on its breeding lakes is essential material for its floating nest and as habitat for several aquatic invertebrates that form its basic diet4. During the first week after hatching, chicks are fed with aquatic beetles (Limnaea spp.)4. It breeds in colonies of up to 130 pairs from October-March4, but has an exceedingly low reproductive rate with an average of 0.2 young reared per adult per year5. However, while potential resources for breeding are apparently limited, the resources for adult survival appear to be plentiful and under natural circumstances adult mortality may be extremely low5. It occasionally establishes colonies in areas marginal to its main range5.
Systems
- Freshwater
- Marine
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Podiceps gallardoi
The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.
There are 2 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
Download FASTA File
There are 2 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
KBAR942-06|PG2|Podiceps gallardoi| ------------------------------------------CTATACTTAATCTTTGGTGCATGAGCCGGCATAGTCGGCACCGCCCTA---AGCCTACTCATCCGCGCAGAACTAGGCCAACCAGGAACCCTCCTAGGAGAC---GACCAAATCTACAATGTAATCGTCACCGCCCATGCCTTTGTAATAATCTTCTTCATAGTTATACCCATCATAATCGGGGGATTTGGAAACTGACTAGTCCCCCTAATA---ATCGGGGCCCCCGACATAGCATTCCCCCGCATAAACAACATGAGCTTCTGACTCCTCCCCCCATCCTTCCTACTACTCCTAGCTTCATCAACAGTAGAAGCCGGAGCAGGCACGGGATGAACCGTATACCCACCATTAGCCGGCAATCTAGCCCATGCTGGCGCCTCAGTAGACCTA---GCCATCTTCTCACTCCACCTAGCAGGCGTATCCTCTATCCTAGGAGCAATCAACTTCATCACAACTGCCATCAACATAAAACCACCAGCCCTTTCACAGTACCAAACCCCCCTATTCGTATGATCCGTACTCATCACTGCCGTCCTACTACTACTCTCACTTCCAGTCCTTGCCGCC---GGTATCACCATACTACTGACAGACCGAAACCTAAACACCACATTCTTTGACCCTGCCGGAGGCGGAGATCCAGTCCTATACNAACACCTCTNCTGATTCTTCGGCCACCCAGAAGTCTACATCCTAATCCTC-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- end --
-- end --
Download FASTA File
© Barcode of Life Data Systems
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Podiceps gallardoi
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 2
Species: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1
Public Records: 2
Species: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Conservation
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
EN
Endangered
Red List Criteria
A2bce+3bce+4bce
Version
3.1
Year Assessed
2009
Assessor/s
BirdLife International
Reviewer/s
Bird, J. & Butchart, S.
Contributor/s
Casañas, H., Imberti, S. & Mazar Barnett, J.
Justification
This species has a very small and very rapidly declining population within a moderately small range. It is likely that birds may move between breeding sites on an annual basis but recent absences from former breeding sites are now thought to represent genuine declines. Therefore, the species has been uplisted to Endangered, and further survey work is required to determine population trends.
History
- 2008Near Threatened
- 2007Near Threatened
- 2006Near Threatened
- 2004Near Threatened
© International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
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Trends
Population
Population
Population Trend
O'Donnell and Fjeldsa (1997) estimated the population as 3,000-5,000 individuals. Following recent and rapid declines the population is now assumed to be well below this figure but owing to difficulties in surveying its remote breeding grounds a precise estimate is unavailable.
Population Trend
Decreasing
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IUCN
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Threats
Threats
Major Threats
The two principal threats to the species appear to be climate change and the introduction of salmon and trout to private lakes on the Strobel plateau6. Recently the introduction of trout has been correlated with a decline in breeding numbers at certain lakes7,10. Surveys in 2006 found a number of lakes completely dry and that water levels at known breeding sites were 2-3 m lower than in previous years10. Anecdotal reports indicated reduced winter snowfall without a corresponding increase in precipitation at other times10. Excessive grazing by sheep (which causes erosion at lakeshores and limits the growth of emergent vegetation), predation by Kelp Gulls Larus dominicanus at some lakes, an inhospitable breeding climate and low breeding potential have been cited as threats1,5, but the species's life history strategy is apparently well adapted to these conditions3. The population may be limited by the carrying capacity of rather few lakes with good nest vegetation5. Volcanic eruptions in the breeding area may have a negative short-term effect because of heavy ash fall, but a long-term positive effect on the productivity of the wetlands5. There is oil exploitation on the potential migration route to the Atlantic6.
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Source:
IUCN
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Management
Conservation Actions
Conservation Actions
Conservation Actions Underway
The site where the species was discovered in 1974, Laguna Los Escarchados, was declared a reserve in 1979 but is now known to hold only a marginal population5, and six individuals were recorded within Perito Moreno National Park, Argentina in 1992. Its key breeding lakes in the core of its range lack any kind of legal protection, but the population stronghold on Meseta de Strobel is afforded some protection from its remoteness and inaccessibility1. Conservation Actions Proposed
Continue monitoring at key sites at intervals of a few years5. Survey upland and coastal sites to identify wintering and staging sites5. Write and implement a species recovery plan. Work with landowners to raise awareness of the impacts on Hooded Grebes of introducing salmonids to lakes, and identify lakes where salmonids could be introduced without negatively impacting Hooded Grebes. Study the species's ecology to understand population movements. Identify breeding sites. Gather empirical data on population size and trends. Clarify the threats to the species and the reasons behind recent declines.
The site where the species was discovered in 1974, Laguna Los Escarchados, was declared a reserve in 1979 but is now known to hold only a marginal population5, and six individuals were recorded within Perito Moreno National Park, Argentina in 1992. Its key breeding lakes in the core of its range lack any kind of legal protection, but the population stronghold on Meseta de Strobel is afforded some protection from its remoteness and inaccessibility1. Conservation Actions Proposed
Continue monitoring at key sites at intervals of a few years5. Survey upland and coastal sites to identify wintering and staging sites5. Write and implement a species recovery plan. Work with landowners to raise awareness of the impacts on Hooded Grebes of introducing salmonids to lakes, and identify lakes where salmonids could be introduced without negatively impacting Hooded Grebes. Study the species's ecology to understand population movements. Identify breeding sites. Gather empirical data on population size and trends. Clarify the threats to the species and the reasons behind recent declines.
© International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Source:
IUCN
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Wikipedia
Hooded Grebe
The Hooded Grebe (Podiceps gallardoi), is a medium-sized grebe found in the southern region of South America. It grows to c.32 cm in length, and is black and white in color (body). It is found in isolated lakes in the most remote parts of Patagonia, and spends winters along the coast of the same region.
References
- BirdLife International (2006). Podiceps gallardoi. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 09 May 2006. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is near threatened
- Animal, Smithsonian Institution, 2005, pg. 269
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Wikipedia
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