Broad-winged hawks are native to the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. They breed throughout the eastern United States and most of southern Canada. Their winter range includes southern Florida, the Pacific slope of southern Mexico, Central America and northern South America.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); neotropical (Native )

occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations

Canada

Origin: Native

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

Type of Residency: Breeding

United States

Origin: Native

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

Type of Residency: Breeding

Global Range: BREEDS: central Alberta and central Saskatchewan and from central Manitoba to Nova Scotia, south to Gulf Coast. NORTHERN WINTER: mainly southern Florida and from Guatemala south to Peru, Bolivia, and southern Brazil. RESIDENT in West Indies (Cuba, Antigua south to Grenada and Tobago, very local in Puerto Rico (see files for subspecies BRUNNESCENS). Occurs in the western U.S. in migration.

Broad-winged hawks are small, stocky hawks. They are about 34 to 44 cm long and weigh 265 to 560 g. Their wingspan ranges from 81 to 100 cm. Adults have a dark brown back and a pale underside with horizontal cinnamon or chestnut barring. The tail is dark gray to black with a conspicuous broad white stripe across the middle and two less conspicuous white stripes at the base and tip. In flight, broad-winged hawks have pointed wing tips. When perched, the wing tips of broad-winged hawks don't reach the end of the tail.

Rare dark (melanistic) morphs of broad-winged hawks are occasionally seen in the northern part of the geographic range. These birds are entirely dark brown, with a tail similar to typical adults.

Juvenile broad-winged hawks are similar in appearance to adults, but have longitudinal, rather than horizontal barring on their chest and belly. Juveniles also tend to have more white on their chest and belly than adults. Males and females of any age look similar, though females tend to be larger than males (about 22% heavier).

Range mass: 265 to 560 g.

Range length: 34 to 44 cm.

Range wingspan: 81 to 100 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry ; polymorphic

Sexual Dimorphism: female larger

Length: 41 cm

Weight: 490 grams

• Terrestrial

Broad-winged hawks favor dense deciduous or mixed deciduous-coniferous forests for nesting. They prefer to have water and openings such as roads, trails, wetlands or meadows nearby. Broad-winged hawks use these openings in the canopy for foraging. They tend to avoid nesting near human dwellings.

Broad-winged hawks' winter habitat is deciduous and mixed forest habitats in Central and South America. They may live anywhere between sea level and several thousand meters elevation.

Range elevation: 2000 (high) m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest ; scrub forest

Comments: BREEDING: Broadleaf and mixed forest, preferring denser situations, less frequently in open woodland. Generally perches under or in tree canopy, forages at openings, edges, and wet areas (Palmer 1988). Regularly nests near wet areas and forest openings, edges, and woodland roads. Typically nests in crotch of moderate- to large-sized tree or on branch next to trunk, about 7-12 m above ground, in bottom 1/3 of forest canopy. May modify nest of other bird or squirrel; usually does not use same nest in 2 successive years. Presence of fresh greenery typical of completed nest (Palmer 1988). NON-BREEDING: Migrates along ridges, river valleys, and shorelines. In winter, may perch and feed along heavily traveled highways. In Costa Rica, prefers open areas, forest edge, broken forest (Stiles and Skutch 1989).

Non-Migrant: Yes. At least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations. Juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration.

Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e.g., to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites).

Locally Migrant: Yes. At least some populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km.

Generally arrives in northern breeding areas mid-April through early May, departs by September-October (Bent 1937). Southward migration peaks late September-early October in Texas, mostly in October in Panama. Northward migration peaks in mid-March in Panama, late March-early April in southern Texas. Migration encompasses about 2 months each year. Usually migrates in large groups, in areas with favorable updrafts; avoids crossing large bodies of water. In North America in fall, most movement occurs on days with wind between WNW and NNE, surface wind below 12 mph, atmospheric pressure rising, and 24-hour temperature dropping; in spring, virtually all movement is on south winds on the southeastern side of low pressure system moving east ahead of a cold front. See Palmer (1988) for map of migration routes and many further details on migration.

Broad-winged hawks are carnivores. Their diet changes seasonally, and consists of whichever insects, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds are available at any given time. During the nesting season, chipmunks, shrews and voles (genus Microtus and genus Myodes) are common in their diet, as well as frogs, lizards and nesting birds. In the winter, much of their diet consists of insects, lizards, frogs, snakes, crabs and small mammals. Mammals are eaten whole. Frogs and snakes are skinned and birds are plucked.

Broad-winged hawks hunt from a perch. Typically, they swoop down on prey to capture it on the ground.

Food caching has been observed in this species, though it is unknown how common this behavior is.

Animal Foods: birds; mammals; amphibians; reptiles; insects

Foraging Behavior: stores or caches food

Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats terrestrial vertebrates)

Comments: Opportunistic; eats various small vertebrates (small mammals, birds, snakes, frogs, etc.) and large invertebrates (see Palmer 1988 for details); typically hunts from perch on stub or dead limb of tree, typically at clearing, along woodland road, forest edge, or at margin of seasonal and permanent waters. Consumes little or no food during migration.

Broad-winged hawks affect the local populations of the animals they eat. They also provide food for their predators.

Broad-winged hawk eggs and chicks are vulnerable to predation from avian and climbing predators, including raccoons, porcupines, American crows, black bears and great horned owls. Predation of adult broad-winged hawks has not been well documented.

Known Predators:

• raccoons (Procyon lotor)
• porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum)
• American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
• black bears (Ursus americanus)
• great horned owls (Bubo virginianus)

Solitary in winter, maintains feeding territory. In the West Indies, common only where red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) does not occur (Wiley 1985).

Broad-winged hawks use vocalizations and physical displays to communicate. There are four recognized calls that are used by broad-winged hawks. The most commonly heard is a 2- to 4- second high-pitched whistle that sounds like "kee-ee" or "peeoweee." Broad-winged hawks use calls to communicate in a variety of social situations, including territorial disputes and when communicating with a mate or offspring.

Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic

Based on a study conducted between 1955 and 1979, the average expected lifespan of wild broad-winged hawks is 12 years. The oldest known wild broad-winged hawk lived at least 14 years and 4 months.

Range lifespan

Status: wild: 18.3 (high) years.

Average lifespan

Status: wild: 12 years.

Average lifespan

Status: wild: 193 months.

Broad-winged hawks are monogamous. Breeding pairs form soon after arrival on breeding grounds in the spring, around mid- to late-April. Courtship behaviors include flight displays and possibly courtship feeding, though this has not been well documented. Breeding pairs may mate together for more than one season.

Mating System: monogamous

Broad-winged hawks breed between April and August, raising one brood per summer. Nest building typically begins in late April through mid-May. The male and female both build the nest, a process that takes 2 to 4 weeks. The nest is built in the main crotch of deciduous trees or on a platform of branches next to the trunk of a conifer. It is constructed of dead sticks and fresh sprigs, and lined with bark chips. Some pairs may renovate and reuse nests of other species.

The female lays 1 to 4 (usually 2 to 3) eggs at 1 to 2 day intervals. The eggs can be white, pale cream, or a little bluish. Incubation is carried out by the female and lasts 28 to 31 days. During this time, the male brings food to the female at the nest. The chicks are semi-altricial at hatching; they are covered in gray down and have open eyes. The chicks are brooded by the female for the first week or so after hatching. During the early nestling period, the male brings food to the nest, and the female tears the food into pieces and feeds it to the chicks. After 1 to 2 weeks, the female begins leaving the nest to hunt. The chicks leave the nest 5 to 6 weeks after hatching, but remain in their parents territory for another 4 to 8 weeks. They begin to capture their own prey at about 7 weeks old.

Most broad-winged hawks do not breed until they are at least two years old, though yearlings occasionally breed with an older mate.

Brood reduction (siblicide among nestlings) does occur in broad-winged hawks. However, it appears to be uncommon. In one study in New York, brood reduction occurred in 3 of 11 nests. This aspect of broad-winged hawk breeding ecology has not been well studied.

Breeding interval: Broad-winged hawks breed once yearly. They raise one brood per breeding season.

Breeding season: Broad-winged hawks breed between April and August.

Range eggs per season: 1 to 4.

Range time to hatching: 28 to 31 days.

Range fledging age: 5 to 6 weeks.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 (low) years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 (low) years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 years.

Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)

Average eggs per season: 2.

Both parents participate in nest building and feeding of the young. The female parent incubates the eggs and broods the nestlings. Meanwhile, the male provides food to the female and the nestlings. Both parents remove fecal sacs from the nest in order to keep it sanitary.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female)

Egg dates: peaks mid- to late May in the northeastern U.S., early to mid-May in the southeastern U.S.; see Palmer (1988) for full range of dates and further details. Clutch size usually is 2-3. Incubation lasts 30-38 days, normally by female only (male may cover eggs briefly), male brings food to female. In central Alberta, average hatching date was 2 July (Rusch and Doerr 1972). Young tended by both parents, leave nest at 29-31 days (perhaps older in undisturbed nests), capable of sustained horizontal flight at 5-6 weeks, depend on adults until 50-56 days old. First breeds usually at 2 years, some as yearlings (Palmer 1988). At least some birds pair with same mate in successive years. See Crocoll and Parker (1989) for information on breeding biology in western New York.

The global population of broad-winged hawks is estimated to be about 1,800,000 individuals. On a global scale, populations are believed to be declining, though data is scarce. In North America, broad-winged hawks are considered quite common.

Broad-winged hawks are protected under the U.S. Migratory Bird Act and CITES Appendix II. They are classified as a species of least concern by the IUCN. One subspecies of broad-winged hawk, the Puerto Rican broad-winged hawk (Buteo platypterus brunnescens) is protected as an endangered species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.

Primary causes of mortality in this species include predation, trapping, shooting, and vehicle collisions.

US Migratory Bird Act: protected

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: appendix ii

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

Canada

Rounded National Status Rank: N5B - Secure

United States

Rounded National Status Rank: N5B - Secure

Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure

There are no known adverse effects of broad-winged hawks on humans.

As far as we know, broad-winged hawks do not harm humans in any way.

Broad-winged hawks feed on insect and rodent species that may be considered pests by some humans.

Positive Impacts: controls pest population

Comments: Closely related to Magnirostris, B. RIDGWAYI, and Lineatus (AOU 1998). Validity of subspecies BRUNNESCENS is questionable; few data are available (Banks 1995).