Table of Contents
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Overview
Distribution
Range
- Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson. 2012. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7. Downloaded from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/downloadable-clements-checklist
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Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology
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UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1318
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Gordon, D. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Volume One: Kingdom Animalia. 584 pp
http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=sourcedetails&id=145244
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World Register of Marine Species
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Range Description
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IUCN
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occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations, but breeds in a single nation
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National Distribution
Canada
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Type of Residency: Transient
United States
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Type of Residency: Transient
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Global Range: Breeds on islands off coast (and locally along mainland coast) of southern Australia, with largest numbers around Tasmania and islands of the Bass Strait (see map in Austin et al. 1994). Ranges at sea in southern Australian and New Zealand waters, and north through Pacific Ocean to Bering and Chukchi seas (some to Beaufort Sea), south along west coast of North America to Baja California (Los Coronados Islands).
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Physical Description
Size
Ecology
Habitat
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UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1318
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World Register of Marine Species
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Habitat and Ecology
Systems
- Terrestrial
- Marine
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Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 74 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): 0 - 0
Temperature range (°C): 1.821 - 28.903
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.037 - 26.250
Salinity (PPS): 32.403 - 34.924
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.556 - 7.657
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.263 - 1.751
Silicate (umol/l): 1.436 - 19.677
Graphical representation
Temperature range (°C): 1.821 - 28.903
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.037 - 26.250
Salinity (PPS): 32.403 - 34.924
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.556 - 7.657
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.263 - 1.751
Silicate (umol/l): 1.436 - 19.677
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
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Comments: Nonbreeding: pelagic. Nests in burrows usually on small islands, also on mainland headlands in some areas. Strongly philopatric (Austin et al. 1994).
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Migration
Non-Migrant: No. All populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations.
Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e.g., to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites).
Locally Migrant: Yes. At least some populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km.
Seen along British Columbia, U.S. west coast, and in central Pacific during southward migration in late northern summer through winter (National Geographic Society 1983, Cogswell 1977, Pratt et al. 1987). Some nonbreeders remain off California during northern winter (National Geographic Society 1983).
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Trophic Strategy
Comments: Eats fishes taken from surface or by diving (Terres 1980).
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Population Biology
Global Abundance
>1,000,000 individuals
Comments: Total population is about 23 million breeding birds (Skira et al. 1985).
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General Ecology
Nonbreeding: may form flocks of at least 10,000s.
Despite strong philopatry, colony founding and recovery from population reductions evidently occur via immigration of a large number of individuals (Austin et al. 1994).
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Life History and Behavior
Behavior
Breeding Category
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Woehler E.J. (compiler) 2006. Species list prepared for SCAR/IUCN/BirdLife International Workshop on Antarctic Regional Seabird Populations, March 2005, Cambridge, UK.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=9169
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World Register of Marine Species
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Life Expectancy
Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
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AnAge
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Reproduction
Egg laying occurs in November. Clutch size is 1. Incubation lasts 52-55 days. Tends to retain same mate in successive years. See Wooler et al. (1990). Some islands have colonies of several hundred thousand pairs (Austin et al. 1994).
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Puffinus tenuirostris
There are 6 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
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Download FASTA File
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Puffinus tenuirostris
Public Records: 6
Specimens with Barcodes: 18
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Conservation
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Version
Year Assessed
Assessor/s
Reviewer/s
Contributor/s
Justification
History
- 2008Least Concern
- 2004Least Concern
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National NatureServe Conservation Status
Canada
Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable
United States
Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable
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NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure
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Trends
Population
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IUCN
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Global Short Term Trend: Increase of 10 to >25%
Comments: In the last 100 years, many new colonies have been established both within and outside the historical range, representing a major range expansion and a possible population expansion (see Austin et al. 1994).
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Threats
Comments: Many are killed in the Japanese gill-net fishery in the North Pacific (Lensink 1984, King 1984, Ogi 1984, DeGange and Day 1991).
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Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Benefits
Economic Uses
Comments: Prior to settlement by Europeans, aborigines in Tasmania harvested eggs and chicks for food. Subsequently, formed the basis of a muttonbird industry with up to one million chicks taken each year for their meat, feathers, and oil (Skira et al. 1985).
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Risks
IUCN Red List Category
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Woehler E.J. (compiler) 2006. Species list prepared for SCAR/IUCN/BirdLife International Workshop on Antarctic Regional Seabird Populations, March 2005, Cambridge, UK.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=9169
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Wikipedia
Short-tailed Shearwater
The Short-tailed Shearwater or Slender-billed Shearwater (Puffinus tenuirostris), also called Yolla or Moonbird, and commonly known as the muttonbird in Australia, is the most abundant seabird species in Australian waters, and is one of the few Australian native birds in which the chicks are commercially harvested. The chicks are caught in nets then put the bird in boiling water for a few seconds. It is a migratory species that breeds mainly on small islands in Bass Strait and Tasmania and migrates to the Northern Hemisphere for the boreal summer. In New Zealand the Sooty Shearwater is the local 'muttonbird', and other harvested petrel species, such as the Wedge-tailed Shearwater, may be known as muttonbirds elsewhere.
This species appears to be related to the New Zealand muttonbird and the Great Shearwater, all blunt-tailed, black-billed species, but its precise relationships are obscure (Austin, 1996; Austin et al., 2004). These are among the larger species of shearwater which might belong into a separate genus, Ardenna (Penhallurick & Wink, 2004).
Each parent feeds the single chick for 2–3 days and then leaves for up to three weeks in search of food. These foraging trips can cover a distance of 1,500 km (930 mi) and mean the chick may be left unattended for over a week. When the chicks fledge they weigh around 900 g (2 lb), and may be heavier than their parents. In Tasmania, and especially on the muttonbird islands of the Furneaux Group, the chicks are harvested at this time for food and oil. The largest population in the world (2.8 millions of pairs - about 12% of this species) seems to be located on the Babel Island.
Each austral winter, the Shearwaters migrate to the seas off the Aleutian Islands and Kamchatka. In the austral spring, they travel down the coast of California before crossing the Pacific back to Australia.
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Culinary uses
Being a seabird, the flesh is covered in a considerable quantity of fat, which is normally removed in preparation of the meat before cooking.[citation needed]
When split down the breast and cooked on a barbecue, the resultant meat is red and thick, with a taste reminiscent of a beef steak more than of lamb, with a mild hint of the sea. The texture of the meat is similar to lamb or mutton and hence the name muttonbird. The dish is best eaten using one's hands rather than a knife and fork.[citation needed]
References
- Austin, Jeremy J. (1996): Molecular Phylogenetics of Puffinus Shearwaters: Preliminary Evidence from Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene Sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 6(1): 77–88. doi:10.1006/mpev.1996.0060 (HTML abstract)
- Austin, Jeremy J.; Bretagnolle, Vincent & Pasquet, Eric (2004): A global molecular phylogeny of the small Puffinus shearwaters and implications for systematics of the Little-Audubon's Shearwater complex. Auk 121(3): 847–864. DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0847:AGMPOT]2.0.CO;2 HTML abstract
- BirdLife International (2004). Puffinus tenuirostris. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 10 May 2006.
- Penhallurick, John & Wink, Michael (2004): Analysis of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Procellariformes based on complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Emu 104(2): 125-147. doi:10.1071/MU01060 (HTML abstract)
Further reading
Identification
Gillson, Greg (2008) Field separation of Sooty and Short-tailed Shearwaters off the west coast of North America Birding 40(2):34-40
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