Limnodynastes dumerilii is a frog species from the family Myobatrachidae. The informal names for this species, and its subspecies, include Eastern or Southern Banjo Frog, and Bull frog.^[1] The frog is also called the pobblebonk after its distinctive "bonk" call, which is likened to a banjo string being plucked. It is native to eastern Australia and has been introduced to New Zealand. There are five subspecies of L. dumerilii, each with different skin coloration.

Description

The Eastern Banjo Frog, Limnodynastes dumerilii dumerilii

Adults are roughly seven to eight centimetres long with dark warty backs, a prominent tibial gland, fleshy : metatarsal tubercules and a smooth white or mottled belly. The tadpole stage is relatively long, lasting up to fifteen months. The species is common. The five subspecies of Limnodynastes dumerilii are:

Eastern Banjo Frog, Limnodynastes dumerilii dumerilii

This is the most widespread of the five subspecies. It is mostly associated with the slopes and ranges of New South Wales, northern Victoria and the Murray River into South Australia. This subspecies normally inhabits woodland, heathland and farmland. Breeding takes place in streams, ponds and dams. Males of this subspecies have the most characteristic banjo like "bonk" of the all the subspecies. They are distinguished from other subspecies by more orange present on the flank and an orange raised stripe present from the eye to the shoulder. The subspecies is normally one solid color on the dorsal surface.

Eastern Banjo Frog, Limnodynastes dumerilii grayi

This subspecies occurs along the coast of New South Wales, south to Jervis Bay. It inhabits coastal swamps, dams, ponds associated with forest and heathland. This species doesn't breed in flowing water, which helps with distinguishing it from L. d. dumerilii in places where both occur. This is the most variegated of the subspecies, often with patches or blotches of a different color on the dorsal surface. The call of this species sounds more like a "tok", similar but louder than the Striped Marsh Frog.

Snowy Mountains Banjo Frog, Limnodynastes dumerilii fryi

This is the most restricted of the subspecies. It is only found in the Snowy Mountains area of south-eastern New South Wales. Males call from ponds or pools of streams in spring and summer. Due to its restricted range it is unlikely to be confused with other subspecies, however it is pale on the dorsal surface with fairly indistinct patches or variegations.

Southern Banjo Frog, Limnodynastes dumerilii insularis

This subspecies occurs south of Jervis Bay, along the south coast of New South Wales, in eastern Victoria and throughout Tasmania. It is characterised and distinguished by blue coloration present on the flank. There is often a pale mid-dorsal stripe. Males call from a concealed position in water during spring, summer and autumn.

Southern Banjo Frog, Limnodynastes dumerilii variegata

This subspecies is very similar to Limnodynastes dumerilii insularis. This subspecies occurs in western Victoria and south-eastern South Australia. It is chiefly distinguished by range.

Ecology and behavior

The Eastern Banjo Frog, Limnodynastes dumerilii grayi

Limnodynastes dumerilii is a burrowing frog. During dry times, and often just during the day, they will burrow underground. They will often be seen in large numbers after rain, and under the right conditions mass spawning can occur over just a few days. They have been known to call while underground, and can do so at any time of the year after rain.

Related species

The Southern Banjo Frog, Limnodynastes dumerilii insularis

In Western Australia the Western Banjo Frog, Limnodynastes dorsalis, is common around Perth. It also has a musical, resonant "plonk" call and is also called a pobblebonk.

In Queensland, the Scarlet-sided Pobblebonk, Limnodynastes terraereginae, is a small fat frog with distinctive orange or red irregular markings.

In Western New South Wales, the Giant Banjo Frog, Limnodynastes interioris, is a similar species that tends to inhabit more arid areas than Limnodynastes dumerilii.

References

• Hero et al. (2004). Limnodynastes dumerilii. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern