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The banteng (Bos javanicus), also known as tembadau, is a species of wild cattle found in Southeast Asia. It is also known as scrub bull in Australia.

Banteng have been domesticated in several places in Southeast Asia, and there are around 1.5 million domestic banteng, which are called Bali cattle. These animals are used as working animals and for their meat.^[3] Bali cattle have also been introduced to Northern Australia, where they have established stable feral populations.^[4]

Distribution and subspecies

The following subspecies are recognised:^[2]

• Java banteng (B. j. javanicus): Found in Java, the males are black and females are buff.
• Borneo banteng (B. j. lowi): From Borneo, they are smaller than Java banteng and the horns are steeper; bulls are chocolate-brown.
• Burma banteng (B. j. birmanicus): In Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, these males and females are usually buff, but in Cambodia, 20 % of the bulls are blackish, and on the Malayan Peninsula in Thailand, most of the bulls are black. This subspecies is recognised by the IUCN^[2] but not by Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition.^[1]

Characteristics

Domesticated banteng as Bali Bull with white socks and white rump

The banteng is similar in size to domestic cattle, being 1.55 to 1.65 m (61 to 65 in) tall at the shoulder, and weighing 600 to 800 kg (1,300 to 1,800 lb).^[5] It exhibits sexual dimorphism, allowing the sexes to be readily distinguished by colour and size. In mature males, the short-haired coat is blue-black or dark chestnut in colour, while in females and young it is chestnut with a dark dorsal stripe. Both males and females have white stockings on their lower legs, a white rump, a white muzzle, and white spots above the eyes. The build is similar to that of domestic cattle, but with a comparatively slender neck and small head, and a ridge on the back above the shoulders. The horns of females are short and tightly curved, pointing inward at the tips, while those of males arc upwards, growing 60 to 75 cm (24 to 30 in) long, and being connected by a horn-like bald patch on the forehead.

Behaviour

Bantengs (cows) in Alas Purwo National Park, Java

Banteng live in sparse forest where they feed on grasses, bamboo, fruit, leaves and young branches. The banteng is generally active both night and day, but in places where humans are common they adopt a nocturnal schedule. Banteng tend to gather in herds of two to thirty members.

Cloning

A Bali man feeds his bantengs (cows)

The banteng is the second endangered species to be successfully cloned, and the first to survive for more than a week (the first was a gaur that died two days after being born).^[6][7] Scientists at Advanced Cell Technology in Worcester, MA, U.S. extracted DNA from banteng cells kept in the San Diego Zoo's "Frozen Zoo" facility, and transferred it into eggs from domestic cattle, a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. Thirty embryos were created and sent to Trans Ova Genetics, which implanted the fertilized eggs in domestic cattle. Two were carried to term and delivered by Caesarian section.^[8] The first was born on April 1, 2003, and the second two days later. The second was euthanized,^[9] but the first survived and, as of September 2006, remains in good health at the San Diego Zoo.

Hybridization program

Hybridization (crossbreeding) program which began in June 2011 made 5 cows are already pregnant. Genetically, Balinese cows are indeed the offspring of Javanese bulls, but today Balinese cows became smaller in size and weight due to inbreeding. To help improve the quality and productivity of new breeds, the Javanese bulls (Bos javanicus) who was transported from the Baluran National Park in Banyuwangi, has been incarcerated under a specialists's care 'in order to maintain his wild nature' to breed 10 Balinese cows (Bos javanicus f. domestica).^[10]

Banteng in Australia

The domesticated form of the banteng was first introduced to Australia in 1849 with the establishment of a British military outpost called Port Essington on the Cobourg Peninsula. Twenty animals were taken to the western Arnhem Land, in present-day Northern Territory, as a source of meat. A year after the outpost’s establishment, poor conditions including as crop failure and tropical disease led to its abandonment. On the departure of British troops, the banteng were released from their grazing pastures and allowed to form a feral population.^[11] By the 1960s, researchers realized that a population of about 1,500 individuals had developed in the tropical forests of the Cobourg Peninsula.^[12]

Since their introduction in 1849, the population has not strayed far from its initial point of domesticated life; all currently live within the Garig Gunak Barlu National Park.^[13] As of 2007, the initial population had grown from only 20 in 1849 to 8,000-10,000^[14] and is used exclusively for sport hunting and by Aboriginal subsistence hunters.^[15]

As of February 2005, the banteng population of the Cobourg Peninsula is 10,000 head, making the population in the Northern Territory the largest in the world. Before the study^[which?] by Charles Darwin University, it was believed that only 5,000 pure-strain banteng survived worldwide. In their native range, the largest herd numbers less than 500.

Physiology and reproduction in Australia

The banteng of the Cobourg Peninsula have developed slightly different life processes than their domesticated counterparts. Growth over lifetime is sexually dimorphic; males grow faster and are larger than females.^[16] Furthermore, females reach maximum body mass in three to four years, while males take five to six. Males achieve sexual maturity at three to four years, and females at two to four years. Fecundity declines in older females. Breeding is seasonal: maximum mating occurs during October and November, and most births take place in the winter months of June to August. Calf mortality is high in the first six months of life, and declines quickly thereafter with increasing body size. When compared with domestic populations, it was found that increased food in captive conditions led to higher fecundity, earlier maturation, and lower juvenile mortality.^[16]

Environmental impact in Australia

Despite being a non-native species, the feral Australian banteng has adapted to interact positively with native bird populations. Studies have shown that mutual relationships have developed involving the removal of ectoparasites residing on the bovid body by the Torresian crow (Corvus orru).^[17] This is especially notable because it is the first known relationship where a native bird shares a mutual symbiotic relationship with a non-native wild mammal, and it only needed 150 years to develop.

Within the Garig Gunak Barlu National Park, where practically all Australian banteng reside, there has been limited damage due to overgrazing. They are found primarily within the monsoon forests, but cause little damage, especially when compared with feral pigs.^[18] Within the forest, population density was found to be around 70 per square kilometer, close to that on their initial introduction 140 years ago, perhaps because of the possibility that their habitat is a uniquely suitable mosaic of grassland and monsoon forest.^[18] Another likely reason for their limited dispersal is the presence of fences along the southern end of the peninsula, installed to manage movement of other feral species like the water buffalo.^[19] Interaction with the habitat is also unclear regarding monsoonal forest succession into grasslands.^[20] Within the Garig Gunak Barlu National Park researchers noticed that monsoonal seedlings were encroaching into previously well established grasslands. It is thought that grazing by banteng limits potential fuel for grassland fires to take back monsoonal forest and spread monsoonal seeds, but this was still unclear after the study.^[20]

Conservation value in Australia

Video of the Bos javanicus at Disney's Animal Kingdom

Since Australian banteng are considered an invasive non-native species, some environmental scientists believe that complete removal of the population would allow previously occupied habitat to revert to its pre-1849 state and allow native species to return. However, this is not universally agreed, both because of the socio-economic niche the banteng has occupied, and because of its role in helping to recover endangered wild populations in Asia.

Small populations in northern Australia are heavily relied on as a source of income for sport hunting, as well as by aboriginal peoples. Studies revealed that as much as AU$200,000 can be made annually from hunting, without damaging population stability.^[13]

The current population of banteng in Australia has become the center of debate due to its endangered status in its native Asia. Wild banteng are extremely rare in Asia due to loss of suitable habitat. Domesticated banteng are regularly used in Southeast Asia as grazers in agricultural settings, but these domestic bantengs have varying degrees of introgression from other domesticated Bos species. Australian bantengs are derived from the domesticated form and not from the rare wild form, but genetic studies^[which?] have revealed that Australian bantengs are identical to the Asian Bos javanicus and therefore not crossed with other species. This is what places the Australian population in a different conservation category than its domesticated conspecific in Southeast Asia.

Since a small founder event occurred with only approximately 20 previously domesticated individuals, a genetic bottleneck has inevitably occurred, causing all current individuals in Australia to lack genetic diversity as a result of inbreeding. This was proven using microsatellites, 12 in all, to determine that their inbreeding coefficient was high, F=0.58.^[13] These findings were much higher than the endangered artiodactyl populations in Southeast Asia. Despite the limited genetic pool of this population, conservationists hope that at-risk populations can be preserved. Some have proposed that a deliberate introduction of the endangered populations to the stable but non-native Australian variety would enable viable conservation, even though it is not known how it would affect Northern Territory grazing ranges.^[15]

See also

Stamp with bantengs from the GDR

• Bos palaesondaicus
• Gaur
• Zebu
• Wild Asian water buffalo
• Aurochs

References