Table of Contents
Overview
Comprehensive Description
Description
Generally, the B. americanus is short and fat in body, with a short broad head and broadly circular snout. It's underbelly is granular, and the back is covered with different-sized warts. There are three or four pairs of dark spots down the back, each accompanied by one large wart. The eyes are prominent. The arms and legs are tubular and warty. They are generally olive in color, with parotoids and a brown crest.
Males are roughly 54-85 mm in length. Their back, sides and tympanum are of a dull citrine color with olive-citrine or yellow olive color on their hind legs and forelegs. The whole pectoral region is covered with scattered black spots, and these spots occur over the entire venter except for the throat and the center of the rear belly. There is some apricot-yellow color across the arm insertion. The pupil is rimmed with a citron yellow color.
Females are roughly 56-110 mm in length. The back is of a light brownish or buffy olive. The bigger warts are on the back, and the warts are in the centers of buffy brown colored spots. There is a stripe down the middle of the back, of a deep-olive buff color, yellow, or vinaceous-fawn, that leads from parotoid to groin. In the center of the breast, there is a dark spot (Wright 1949).
- Wright, A. H. and Wright, A. A. (1949). Handbook of Frogs and Toads of the United States and Canada. Comstock Publishing Company, Inc., Ithaca, New York.
- Bradford, D. F. (1984). ''Temperature modulation in a high-elevation amphibian, Rana muscosa.'' Copeia, 1984(4), 966-976.
- Cook, F. R. (1984). Introduction to Canadian Amphibians and Reptiles. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
- Johnson, T. R. (1987). The Amphibians and Reptiles of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City.
- Oliver, J. A. (1955). The Natural History of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. D. Van Nostrand Campany, Ltd., Canada.
- Schmidt, K. P. (1953). A Checklist of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
© AmphibiaWeb © 2000-2011 The Regents of the University of California
Source:
AmphibiaWeb
Trusted
Distribution
Range Description
© International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Source:
IUCN
Trusted
National Distribution
Canada
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Type of Residency: Year-round
United States
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Type of Residency: Year-round
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
Trusted
Global Range: (>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)) Range extends from Labrador, Hudson Bay area, and central Manitoba south to northern Texas, Louisiana, central Alabama, northern Georgia, and North Carolina. Absent from most of Coastal Plain.
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
Trusted
Distribution and Habitat
During the periods where the toads are not reproducing, they live in within an area of 100' x 100'. However, during the breeding period, they may move several thousand feet away.
- Wright, A. H. and Wright, A. A. (1949). Handbook of Frogs and Toads of the United States and Canada. Comstock Publishing Company, Inc., Ithaca, New York.
- Bradford, D. F. (1984). ''Temperature modulation in a high-elevation amphibian, Rana muscosa.'' Copeia, 1984(4), 966-976.
- Cook, F. R. (1984). Introduction to Canadian Amphibians and Reptiles. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
- Johnson, T. R. (1987). The Amphibians and Reptiles of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City.
- Oliver, J. A. (1955). The Natural History of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. D. Van Nostrand Campany, Ltd., Canada.
- Schmidt, K. P. (1953). A Checklist of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
© AmphibiaWeb © 2000-2011 The Regents of the University of California
Source:
AmphibiaWeb
Trusted
Physical Description
Size
Type Information
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Year Collected: 1860
Locality: Hudson Bay, James Bay, Ontario - Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Collection: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Preparation: Ethanol
Locality: Hudson Bay, East, Quebec, Canada, North America
- Syntype: Yarrow, H. C. & Henshaw, H. W. 1878. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys of the Territory of the United States west of the 100th Meridian. 207.
© Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles
Trusted
Ecology
Habitat
Habitat and Ecology
Systems
- Terrestrial
- Freshwater
© International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Source:
IUCN
Trusted
Comments: American toads live on land except during the brief breeding season. They live in a wide variety of habitats, ranging from forests to prairies, wherever there is sufficient moisture, food, and a suitable breeding site. They emerge from winter dormancy on land and migrate up to several hundred meters to breeding sites. Breeding occurs in shallows of slow- or nonflowing bodies of water, including both permanent and temporary pools, generally in sites with few if any fishes (e.g., Holomuzki 1995). In northern Minnesota, successful reproduction in acidic bog water either does not occur or is a rare event (Karns 1992).
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
Trusted
Migration
Non-Migrant: No. All populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations.
Locally Migrant: Yes. At least some populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e.g., to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites).
Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km.
Adults migrate up to several hundred meters between breeding pools and nonbreeding terrestrial habitats.
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
Trusted
Trophic Strategy
Comments: Larvae eat suspended matter, organic debris, algae, and plant tissue. Metamorphosed toads eat various small terrestrial invertebrates.
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
Trusted
Associations
Known predators
Belostomatidae
Dytiscidae
Ardeidae
Accipitridae
Thamnophis
Heterodon
Procyon lotor
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
© SPIRE project
Source:
SPIRE
Trusted
Known prey organisms
non-insect arthropods
Annelida
Arthropoda
Insecta
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
© SPIRE project
Source:
SPIRE
Trusted
Population Biology
Global Abundance
>1,000,000 individuals
Comments: Total adult population size is unknown but likely exceeds, 1,000,000.
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
Trusted
General Ecology
Life History and Behavior
Cyclicity
Comments: Hibernates in coldest winter months; may estivate during hot dry months of summer. Most active at night but also active diurnally when breeding and at other times in shady habitats.
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
Trusted
Life Expectancy
Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
© Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
Source:
AnAge
Trusted
Reproduction
Breeding occurs in spring (or winter in the south). Hundreds of adults may aggregate for breeding. Aquatic larvae hatch in about a week or less, metamorphose in about 2 months, in spring or summer (often June or July, but as early as mid-May in some areas). Larvae metamorphose into tiny toadlets within a couple months. Individuals become sexually mature in 2-3 years. Hundreds may aggregate for breeding.
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
Trusted
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Bufo americanus
There are 19 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
-- end --
Download FASTA File
© Barcode of Life Data Systems
Trusted
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Bufo americanus
Public Records: 26
Species: 64
Species With Barcodes: 1
© Barcode of Life Data Systems
Trusted
Conservation
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Version
Year Assessed
Assessor/s
Reviewer/s
Justification
© International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Source:
IUCN
Trusted
National NatureServe Conservation Status
Canada
Rounded National Status Rank: N5 - Secure
United States
Rounded National Status Rank: N5 - Secure
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
Trusted
NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure
Reasons: Large range in eastern North America; large area of occupancy; high abundance; many stable populations; no major threats.
Intrinsic Vulnerability: Moderately vulnerable
Environmental Specificity: Moderate to broad.
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
Trusted
Trends
Population
Population Trend
© International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Source:
IUCN
Trusted
Global Short Term Trend: Relatively stable (=10% change)
Comments: Stable overall, with localized declines.
Global Long Term Trend: Increase of 10-25% to decline of 30%
Comments: Likely relatively stable in extent of occurrence, probably less than 25% decline in population size, area of occurrence, and number/condition of occurrences.
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
Trusted
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
- Wright, A. H. and Wright, A. A. (1949). Handbook of Frogs and Toads of the United States and Canada. Comstock Publishing Company, Inc., Ithaca, New York.
- Bradford, D. F. (1984). ''Temperature modulation in a high-elevation amphibian, Rana muscosa.'' Copeia, 1984(4), 966-976.
- Cook, F. R. (1984). Introduction to Canadian Amphibians and Reptiles. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
- Johnson, T. R. (1987). The Amphibians and Reptiles of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City.
- Oliver, J. A. (1955). The Natural History of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. D. Van Nostrand Campany, Ltd., Canada.
- Schmidt, K. P. (1953). A Checklist of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
© AmphibiaWeb © 2000-2011 The Regents of the University of California
Source:
AmphibiaWeb
Trusted
Threats
Threats
© International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Source:
IUCN
Trusted
Comments: No major threats. Dispersing juveniles tend to avoid open canopy habitat, so deforestation and fragmentation likely reduce dispersal rates between local populations and could negatively impact population persistence in altered landscapes (Rothermal and Semlitsch 2002).
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
Trusted
Management
Conservation Actions
© International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Source:
IUCN
Trusted
Global Protection: Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
Trusted
Wikipedia
American toad
The American toad (Bufo americanus) is a common species of toad found throughout the eastern United States and Canada. It is divided into three subspecies—the eastern American toad (B. a. americanus), the dwarf American toad (B. a. charlesmithi), and the rare Hudson Bay toad (B. a. copei). A new taxonomy considers this species Anaxyrus americanus.[2][3]
Contents |
Tadpoles
The eggs of the American toad are laid in two strings and can hatch in 3–13 days. When hatched the tadpoles are recognizable by their skinny tails in relation to the size of their bodies. They may advance to adulthood in 30–40 days. When metamorphosis is completed, the "toadlets" may stay in the water for a short period of time before they become mostly land based. A mutualistic relationship with Chlorogonium alga, which makes the tadpoles develop faster than normal, has been studied.
Tadpoles have several mechanisms to reduce predation.[4] They avoid predators by swimming in very shallow water, and by swimming close together in schools during the day. Tadpoles also produce toxic chemicals in their skin that discourage some potential predators. Fish have been reported to die after consuming one tadpole; however, most fish quickly learn to avoid eating American toad tadpoles. The tadpoles are also very small and they are a solid black colour.[5]
Biogeography
Based on DNA sequence comparisons, Bufo americanus and other North American species of Bufo are thought to be descended from an invasion of toads from South America prior to the formation of the Isthmus of Panama land bridge, presumably by means of rafting.[6]
Subspecies
Races tend to hybridize with Bufo woodhousii in their overlapping ranges.
Eastern American toad
The eastern American toad (B. a. americanus) is a medium-sized toad usually ranging in size from 5–9 cm (2.0–3.5 in);[7] record 11.1 centimetres (4.4 in).[8] The colour and pattern is somewhat variable. Skin colour can change depending on humidity, stress, and temperature. Colour changes range from yellow to brown to black. Their breeding habits are very similar to Bufo fowleri. The call or voice of a breeding male is a high trill, lasting 6–30 seconds,[8] similar to a ringing telephone. They hibernate during the winter. The eastern American toad has spots that contain only one to two warts. It also has enlarged warts on the tibia or lower leg below the knee. While the belly is usually spotted, it is generally more so on the forward half (in some rare individuals there may be few or no spots). This subspecies of the American toad has no or very little markings on it. The spades on the back legs are blackish. Some toads of this subspecies have red warts on their bodies. Also eastern American toads have parotoid glands that are the same colour as the surrounding skin. The glands don't have any patterning on them.
Other species which may be confused with the eastern American toad are Fowler's toad, which has three or more warts in the largest dark spots, and in the far west of its range woodhouse's toad. Fowler's toad can be especially difficult to identify in comparison to the eastern American toad but one difference is that it never has a spotted belly and both cranial crests touch the parotoid glands. In the eastern American toad these crests almost never touch the parotoid glands, which secrete bufotoxin, a poisonous substance. The poison the toad excretes is mild in comparison to other poisonous toads and frogs, but it can irritate human skin[9] and is dangerous to smaller animals (such as dogs) when ingested.
American toads require a semi-permanent freshwater pond or pool with shallow water in which to breed[8] and for their early development. They also require dense patches of vegetation, for cover and hunting grounds. Given these two things and a supply of insects for food, American toads can live almost everywhere, ranging from forests to flat grassland. Adult toads are mostly nocturnal, although juveniles are often abroad by day. These toads commonly seek cover in burrows, under boardwalks, flat stones, boards, logs, wood piles, or other cover. They are usually easy to find, and their gentle nature makes them good pets. When cold weather comes, these toads dig backwards and bury themselves in the dirt of their summer homes, or they may choose another site in which to hibernate.[5] Their diet includes crickets, mealworms, earthworms, ants, spiders, slugs, centipedes, moths, and other small invertebrates.
The eastern American toad may be confused with the Canadian toad in the area where they overlap, but the cranial crests in the American toad do not join to form a raised "boss" (bump) like they do in the Canadian toad. Its range also overlaps with the southern toad's, but in this species the cranial crests form two unique knobs.
Dwarf American toad
 | Wikispecies has information related to: Anaxyrus americanus charlesmithi |
The dwarf American toad (B. a. charlesmithi), is a smaller version of the American toad which reaches lengths of about 6 cm (2½ inches) and is generally a dark reddish color ranging to light red in some specimens in isolated populations. The spots on the back are reduced or absent, and when present they contain a few small red warts and a black ring around it like in the normal American toad. The warts are always darker than the skin of the toad. Some specimens have a white dorsal line in the middle of their backs. The ventral surface or belly is usually cream colored with a few dark spots in the breast area. This subspecies can be distinguished from the above mentioned species in the same manner as for the eastern American toad. The southwestern portion of the Dwarf American toad's range overlaps with that of the Gulf Coast toad. The latter species is distinguished by the presence of a dark lateral stripe as well as a deep "valley" between its prominent cranial crests. It eats mainly spiders, worms and small insects. This subspecies of the American toad has been seen in the northern parts of Ontario were there are a few isolated populations. Interbreeding with the normal and eastern American toads caused this subspecies to lose the red coloring on their backs. These northern dwarf toads mostly have the red coloring on the sides of their bodies and have an unusually high number of warts for the subspecies.
Hudson Bay toad
The Hudson Bay toad (B. a. copei) is a rare Canadian subspecies of B. americanus.
Gallery
Approximately one week into adult cycle, shown in comparison to an adult female hand
Eastern American toad, seen from behind, shows characteristic markings and "warts"
Closeup of the eastern American toad
Young American toad
Front
Front view of eastern American toad
Side view of camouflaged B. americanus
Eastern American toad (B. a. americanus), North Dumfries, Ontario
.jpg)
See also
References
- ^ Geoffrey Hammerson (2004). "Anaxyrus americanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/54570. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
- ^ a b Frost, DR, et al. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the AMNH ; no. 297
- ^ Review: The Amphibian Tree of Life, by Frost, D.R. et al., Amphibiatree
- ^ "ADW: Bufo americanus: Information". Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bufo_americanus.html. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
- ^ a b "University of Notre Dame: Yellow perch predation on tadpoles" (PDF). http://www.nd.edu/~underc/east/education/documents/SFlowers2002Yellowperchpredationontadpoles.pdf. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
- ^ Pauly, G. B; Hillis, D. M.; Cannatella, D. C. (November 2004). "The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo)". Evolution 58 (11): 2517–2535. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb00881.x. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb00881.x/abstract. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
- ^ American toad (Bufo americanus), Natural Resources Canada
- ^ a b c Conant, Roger (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-19979-4.
- ^ American toad, FrogWatch
Source:
Wikipedia
Unreviewed
Names and Taxonomy
Taxonomy
Comments: Hybridizes with B. fowleri in several areas (Green 1984, Green and Parent 2003). Hybridizes also with B. hemiophrys in southeastern Manitoba and north-central U.S. (Green 1983, Green and Pustowka 1997). Sanders (1987) regarded populations in the James Bay region, Canada, as a distinct species, B. copei; other authors have treated copei as a subspecies of B. americanus or as unworthy of any taxonomic recognition.
© NatureServe
Source:
NatureServe
Trusted
Disclaimer
EOL content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. As a result, from time to time you may find pages on EOL that are confusing.
To request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. Thank you!
