Table of Contents
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Overview
Brief Summary
Biology
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UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1318
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Comprehensive Description
Biology: Skeleton
| Author | Skeleton? | Mineral or Organic? | Mineral | Percent Magnesium |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cairns, Hoeksema, and van der Land, 1999 | YES | MINERAL | ARAGONITE | |
| Veron, 2000 | YES | MINERAL | ARAGONITE | |
| Barrios-Su?z et al., 2002 | YES | MINERAL | ARAGONITE | |
| den Hartog, 1980 | YES | MINERAL | ARAGONITE |
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Distribution
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UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1318
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Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas.
http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=sourcedetails&id=145245
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Miloslavich P, Díaz JM, Klein E, Alvarado JJ, Díaz C, et al. (2010) Marine Biodiversity in the Caribbean: Regional Estimates and Distribution Patterns. PLoS ONE 5(8): e11916. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011916
http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=sourcedetails&id=145466
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Nunes FLD, Norris RD, Knowlton N. (2011). Long Distance Dispersal and Connectivity in Amphi-Atlantic Corals at Regional and Basin Scales. PLoS ONE 6(7): e22298.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=162909
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World Register of Marine Species
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Range Description
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IUCN
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National Distribution
United States
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Type of Residency: Year-round
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Global Range: (>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)) Widespread distribution in the tropical western Atlantic, including the Gulf of Mexico, southern Florida, Bahamas, NW Caribbean, Puerto Rico, lesser Antilles, Curacao and Bonaire. B71SMI01FCUS: Florida, West Indies. B78COL01FCUS: Florida, Bahamas, Caribbean. A82CAI01FCUS: Belize. A83FAR01FCUS, A88TUN01FCUS: Gulf of Mexico. A82DAV00FCUS, A87DUS00FCUS, A89GLY00FCUS, A85BUR00FCUS, A85WHI01FCUS, A73GOL00FCUS, J88WHE00FCUS, J89JAA00FCUS, U92SUL01FCUS, B84JAA00FCUS: southern Florida. A67GOR01FCUS, A59GOR01FCUS, A73WEL01FCUS: Jamaica. B82ZLA01FCUS: Cuba. A88FEN00FCUS, A81JOR01FCUS: Mexico. A76LOY01FCUS, A63ALM01FCUS, A70PRE01FCUS: Puerto Rico. A87TOM01FCUS, A79DUN01FCUS, A74LEW01FCUS, A76GOO01FCUS, A72ROB01FCUS, A90EDM00FCUS: lesser Antilles. A74SCA01FCUS, A78FOC01FCUS: Bonaire.
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Ecology
Habitat
Habitat and Ecology
Systems
- Marine
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IUCN
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Natural Geography in Shore Areas (NaGISA) database, compiled by Ann Knowlton.
http://www.marinespecies.org/arms/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=145467
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World Register of Marine Species
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Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 941 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): 0 - 75.5
Temperature range (°C): 25.995 - 28.067
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.024 - 3.505
Salinity (PPS): 35.075 - 36.556
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.285 - 4.748
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.020 - 0.239
Silicate (umol/l): 0.805 - 5.080
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): 0 - 75.5
Temperature range (°C): 25.995 - 28.067
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.024 - 3.505
Salinity (PPS): 35.075 - 36.556
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.285 - 4.748
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.020 - 0.239
Silicate (umol/l): 0.805 - 5.080
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
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Habitat Type: Marine
Comments: Overall depth range from 0-20 m, but typically occurs between 1-3 m on transitional reefs and spur and groove reefs.
A67GOR01FCUS: 0 to 10 (35?) m, typically 1 to 3 m depth. A73GOL01FCUS: patch reef, outer reef platform. A82CAI01FCUS: lagoon, back reef, spur and groove zone (0.5 to 6.0 m). A85WHI01FCUS, J88WHE00FCUS: fore reef zones on spur and groove reefs. B84JAA00FCUS: transitional reefs. A76LOY01FCUS: reef flat and fore reef. A82DAV00FCUS: bank reefs and octocoral-dominated hardgrounds. A71ROB01FCUS: rock floor, rubble flat and reef crest. A79DUN01FCUS: butress zone and patch reefs.
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Migration
Non-Migrant: No. All populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations.
Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e.g., to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites).
Locally Migrant: No. No populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km.
SEDENTARY
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Population Biology
Number of Occurrences
Note: For many non-migratory species, occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations.
Estimated Number of Occurrences: 81 to >300
Comments: Information is needed on the number of occurrences in the tropical western Atlantic.
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Global Abundance
2500 - 10,000 individuals
Comments: Occurs on most classes of marine hardbottom communities, including low-relief hardbottom communities, reef rubble areas, patch reefs, fringing reefs, spur and groove reefs, transitional reefs and deeper intermediate reefs.
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General Ecology
A90GHI01FCUS, A90WIL01FCUS: susceptible to bleaching (loss of zooxanthellae) due to adverse environmental conditions; black band disease. A84PET01FCUS: associated necrosis and algal infection. A81ANT02FCUS: seldom inflicted with black band disease. A92COL01FCUS: salinity tolerance range up to 55 ppt for 12 h. A15VAU01FCUS: growth rate measured at 5.3-24.4 mm/yr increase in diameter and 2.5-8.8 mm/yr increase in height. A72OTT01FCUS: preyed upon by Hermodice caruncullata and Coralliophila abbreviata.
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Life History and Behavior
Reproduction
No information on reproductive ecology from resources consulted.
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Diploria clivosa
There is 1 barcode sequence available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is the sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen. Other sequences that do not yet meet barcode criteria may also be available.
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Download FASTA File
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Diploria clivosa
Public Records: 1
Specimens with Barcodes: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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© Ocean Genome Legacy
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Ocean Genome Resource
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Conservation
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Version
Year Assessed
Assessor/s
Reviewer/s
Contributor/s
Justification
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IUCN
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National NatureServe Conservation Status
United States
Rounded National Status Rank: NNR - Unranked
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NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded Global Status Rank: G4 - Apparently Secure
Reasons: Widespread distribution in the tropical western Atlantic and occurs on most classes of marine hardbottom communities. Considered less threatened due to isolated incidences of disease reported and high salinity tolerance.
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Trends
Population
There is no species specific population information available for this species. However, there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined, and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species. This species is more resilient to some of the threats faced by corals and therefore population decline is estimated using the percentage of destroyed reefs only (Wilkinson 2004). We assume that most, if not all, mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average, the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage of destroyed reefs. Reef losses throughout the species' range have been estimated over three generations, two in the past and one projected into the future.
The age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years (Wallace 1999) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years. Furthermore, based on average sizes and growth rates, we assume that average generation length is 10 years, unless otherwise stated. Total longevity is not known, but likely to be more than ten years. Therefore any population decline rates for the Red List assessment are measured over at least 30 years. Follow the link below for further details on population decline and generation length estimates.
Population Trend
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IUCN
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Global Short Term Trend: Relatively stable (=10% change)
Comments: Information is needed on the status and trend of extant populations.
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Threats
In general, the major threat to corals is global climate change, in particular, temperature extremes leading to bleaching and increased susceptibility to disease, increased severity of ENSO events and storms, and ocean acidification.
Coral disease has emerged as a serious threat to coral reefs worldwide and a major cause of reef deterioration (Weil et al. 2006). The numbers of diseases and coral species affected, as well as the distribution of diseases have all increased dramatically within the last decade (Porter et al. 2001, Green and Bruckner 2000, Sutherland et al. 2004, Weil 2004). Coral disease epizootics have resulted in significant losses of coral cover and were implicated in the dramatic decline of acroporids in the Florida Keys (Aronson and Precht 2001, Porter et al. 2001, Patterson et al. 2002). Escalating anthropogenic stressors combined with the threats associated with global climate change of increases in coral disease, frequency and duration of coral bleaching and ocean acidification place coral reefs at high risk of collapse.
Localized threats to corals include fisheries, human development (industry, settlement, tourism, and transportation), changes in native species dynamics (competitors, predators, pathogens and parasites), invasive species (competitors, predators, pathogens and parasites), dynamite fishing, chemical fishing, pollution from agriculture and industry, domestic pollution, sedimentation, and human recreation and tourism activities.
The severity of these combined threats to the global population of each individual species is not known.
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IUCN
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Degree of Threat: C : Not very threatened throughout its range, communities often provide natural resources that when exploited alter the composition and structure over the short-term, or communities are self-protecting because they are unsuitable for other uses
Comments: Moderately threatened with high incidence of disease reported but high salinity tolerance.
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Management
Conservation Actions
All corals are listed on CITES Appendix II.
Recommended measures for conserving this species include research in taxonomy, population, abundance and trends, ecology and habitat status, threats and resilience to threats, restoration action; identification, establishment and management of new protected areas; expansion of protected areas; recovery management; and disease, pathogen and parasite management. Artificial propagation and techniques such as cryo-preservation of gametes may become important for conserving coral biodiversity.
Having timely access to national-level trade data for CITES analysis reports would be valuable for monitoring trends this species. The species is targeted by collectors for the aquarium trade and fisheries management is required for the species, e.g., MPAs, quotas, size limits, etc. Consideration of the suitability of species for aquaria should also be included as part of fisheries management, and population surveys should be carried out to monitor the effects of harvesting. Recommended conservation measures include population surveys to monitor the effects of collecting for the aquarium trade, especially in Indonesia.
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IUCN
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Biological Research Needs: Data needed on reproduction and recruitment patterns. Information needed on susceptibility to sedimentation and eutrophication.
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Global Protection: Few to several (1-12) occurrences appropriately protected and managed
Comments: Numerous occurrences in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, Biscayne National Park and Dry Tortugas, Florida.
Needs: Mooring buoys should be installed in marine protected areas.
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Wikipedia
Diploria clivosa
Diploria clivosa, the knobby brain coral, is a colonial species of stony coral in the family Faviidae. It occurs in shallow water in the West Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea.
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Description
The knobby brain coral is a massive coral that either forms hemispherical domes or, particularly in areas of high wave action, forms plates and encrusts the seabed. It can grow to a diameter of about 1.3 metres (4 ft 3 in). The surface of the dome usually has a number of bulges or knobs but this species is not easy to distinguish from the symmetrical brain coral (Diploria strigosa) which tends to have a smoother outline. The surface consists of sharply delineated, convoluted ridges with valleys in between. There is no trough-like groove in the top of the ridge as is the case in the rather similar grooved brain coral (Diploria labyrinthiformis). The coral polyps are strung along the valley bottoms, each sitting in a little stony cup or corallite. The sides of these have minute walls called septae which come in four different sized cycles. They extend outside the corallites as costae that join one corallite to another but are discontinuous in this species, another distinguishing factor. The colour of the coral is usually some shade of yellowish or greenish brown and is caused by the presence of symbiotic dinoflagellates called zooxanthellae in the coral's tissues.[2][3]
Distribution and habitat
The knobby brain coral is a common species and occurs in southern Florida, the Caribbean Sea and the Bahamas. It is found growing on reefs, in seagrass (Thalassia testudinum) meadows, in lagoons and sometimes on mangroves. It grows at depths down to about 40 metres (130 ft) but is most common at depths less than 5 metres (16 ft).[2][3]
The fossilised remains of Diploria clivosa have been found alongside those of other massive corals Diploria strigosa, Siderastrea siderea and Solenastrea bouroni in marine deposits in Río Grande de Manatí, Puerto Rico that date back to the Pleistocene.[4]
Biology
During the day the polyps of the knobby brain coral are retracted into the corallites but at night they emerge and extend their tentacles to feed. The zooxanthellae are photosynthetic and up to fifty percent of their production is transferred to the host while they make use of the coral's nitrogenous waste.[5]
The knobby brain coral grows by the budding of new polyps and the deposition of new calcareous material. Growth is very slow and large corals may be over a hundred years old. Sexual reproduction occurs by the release of gametes into the water column. The planula larvae drift with the currents before settling on the seabed and undergoing metamorphosis into polyps. These begin to secrete their own skeletons and found new colonies.[5]
References
- ^ van der Land, Jacob (2012). "Diploria clivosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786)". World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=289825. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
- ^ a b Colin, Patrick L. (1978). Marine Invertebrates and Plants of the Living Reef. T.F.H. Publications. p. 250. ISBN 0-86622-875-6.
- ^ a b "Knobby brain coral (Diploria clivosa)". Interactive Guide to Caribbean Diving. Marine Species Identification Portal. http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=caribbean_diving_guide&id=308. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
- ^ Geological Survey (US) (1959). U.S. Geological Survey professional paper, Issue 317. G.P.O. p. 123.
- ^ a b Dorit, R. L.; Walker, W. F.; Barnes, R. D. (1991). Zoology. Saunders College Publishing. p. 612. ISBN 0-03-030504-7.
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Wikipedia
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