Table of Contents
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Overview
Brief Summary
Biology
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UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1318
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Taxonomy
Look-alikes
Meandrina braziliensis is a coral that looks superficially similar to Manicina areolata but differs by having much smoother skeletal elements and a plate-shaped columella.These characters mean that it is a member of the family Meandrinidae.During Miocene and Pliocene (24 million–1.6 million years ago), Meandrina braziliensis was more common than Manicina areolata on reef flats in the Caribbean region.During the Early Pleistocene (about 1 million years ago) Meandrina braziliensis became extinct in the Caribbean but survives as a refugee in northeastern Brazil.
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Introduction
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Comprehensive Description
Biology: Skeleton
| Author | Skeleton? | Mineral or Organic? | Mineral | Percent Magnesium |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hickson, 1889 | YES | MINERAL | ARAGONITE | |
| Verrill, 1901 | YES | MINERAL | ARAGONITE | |
| Duerden, 1898 | YES | MINERAL | ARAGONITE | |
| Veron, 2000 | YES | MINERAL | ARAGONITE | |
| Cairns, Hoeksema, and van der Land, 1999 | YES | MINERAL | ARAGONITE | |
| Faurot, 1895 | YES | MINERAL | ARAGONITE | |
| Verrill, 1866 | YES | MINERAL | ARAGONITE | |
| den Hartog, 1980 | YES | MINERAL | ARAGONITE |
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Hexacorallians of the World
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Distribution
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UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=1318
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Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas.
http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=sourcedetails&id=145245
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Miloslavich P, Díaz JM, Klein E, Alvarado JJ, Díaz C, et al. (2010) Marine Biodiversity in the Caribbean: Regional Estimates and Distribution Patterns. PLoS ONE 5(8): e11916. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011916
http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=sourcedetails&id=145466
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Nunes FLD, Norris RD, Knowlton N. (2011). Long Distance Dispersal and Connectivity in Amphi-Atlantic Corals at Regional and Basin Scales. PLoS ONE 6(7): e22298.
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=sourcedetails&id=162909
© WoRMS for SMEBD
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Range Description
© International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
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IUCN
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Ecology
Habitat
Habitat and Ecology
Systems
- Marine
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IUCN
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Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 264 samples.
Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): 0 - 92
Temperature range (°C): 23.246 - 28.035
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.115 - 3.012
Salinity (PPS): 35.219 - 36.787
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.469 - 4.895
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.020 - 0.205
Silicate (umol/l): 1.014 - 5.080
Graphical representation
Depth range (m): 0 - 92
Temperature range (°C): 23.246 - 28.035
Nitrate (umol/L): 0.115 - 3.012
Salinity (PPS): 35.219 - 36.787
Oxygen (ml/l): 4.469 - 4.895
Phosphate (umol/l): 0.020 - 0.205
Silicate (umol/l): 1.014 - 5.080
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
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Life History and Behavior
Behavior
Behaviour
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Reproduction
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Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Manicina areolata
There is 1 barcode sequence available from BOLD and GenBank. Below is the sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species. See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen. Other sequences that do not yet meet barcode criteria may also be available.
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Download FASTA File
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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Manicina areolata
Public Records: 1
Specimens with Barcodes: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1
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Conservation
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Version
Year Assessed
Assessor/s
Reviewer/s
Contributor/s
Justification
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Trends
Population
There is no species specific population information available for this species. However, there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined, and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species. This species is more resilient to some of the threats faced by corals and therefore population decline is estimated using the percentage of destroyed reefs only (Wilkinson 2004). We assume that most, if not all, mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average, the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage of destroyed reefs. Reef losses throughout the species' range have been estimated over three generations, two in the past and one projected into the future.
The age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years (Wallace 1999) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years. Furthermore, based on average sizes and growth rates, we assume that average generation length is 10 years, unless otherwise stated. Total longevity is not known, but likely to be more than ten years. Therefore any population decline rates for the Red List assessment are measured over at least 30 years. Follow the link below for further details on population decline and generation length estimates.
Population Trend
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Threats
In general, the major threat to corals is global climate change, in particular, temperature extremes leading to bleaching and increased susceptibility to disease, increased severity of ENSO events and storms, and ocean acidification.
Coral disease has emerged as a serious threat to coral reefs worldwide and a major cause of reef deterioration (Weil et al. 2006). The numbers of diseases and coral species affected, as well as the distribution of diseases have all increased dramatically within the last decade (Porter et al. 2001, Green and Bruckner 2000, Sutherland et al. 2004, Weil 2004). Coral disease epizootics have resulted in significant losses of coral cover and were implicated in the dramatic decline of acroporids in the Florida Keys (Aronson and Precht 2001, Porter et al. 2001, Patterson et al. 2002). Escalating anthropogenic stressors combined with the threats associated with global climate change of increases in coral disease, frequency and duration of coral bleaching and ocean acidification place coral reefs at high risk of collapse.
Localized threats to corals include fisheries, human development (industry, settlement, tourism, and transportation), changes in native species dynamics (competitors, predators, pathogens and parasites), invasive species (competitors, predators, pathogens and parasites), dynamite fishing, chemical fishing, pollution from agriculture and industry, domestic pollution, sedimentation, and human recreation and tourism activities.
The severity of these combined threats to the global population of each individual species is not known.
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Management
Conservation Actions
All corals are listed on CITES Appendix II. Parts of the species’ range fall within Marine Protected Areas.
Recommended measures for conserving this species include research in taxonomy, population, abundance and trends, ecology and habitat status, threats and resilience to threats, restoration action; identification, establishment and management of new protected areas; expansion of protected areas; recovery management; and disease, pathogen and parasite management. Artificial propagation and techniques such as cryo-preservation of gametes may become important for conserving coral biodiversity.
Having timely access to national-level trade data for CITES analysis reports would be valuable for monitoring trends this species. The species is targeted by collectors for the aquarium trade and fisheries management is required for the species, e.g., MPAs, quotas, size limits, etc. Consideration of the suitability of species for aquaria should also be included as part of fisheries management, and population surveys should be carried out to monitor the effects of harvesting.
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Wikipedia
Manicina areolata
Manicina areolata, commonly known as rose coral, is a colonial species of stony coral in the family Faviidae. It occurs in shallow water in the West Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea, sometimes as small solid heads and sometimes as unattached cone-shaped forms.
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Description [edit]
Manicina areolata has two entirely different growth forms. Some individuals form small, solid hemispherical heads while others are small, cone-shaped structures that are not attached to the seabed. The surface of the coral consists of long meandering walls with wide intervening valleys. The polyps sit in corallites (stony cups) in the valleys from which fine septae (transverse ridges) extend in several series up to the summit of the walls on either side. Often the whole coral consists of one long, convoluted valley, sometimes with side valleys. Where there is more than one valley, the intervening walls have grooves running along the top. The colour of this coral is yellowish-brown, tan or dark brown, often with the valleys and walls being contrasting colours. The polyps are only extended at night and their oral surfaces are often green.[2][3][4]
Distribution and habitat [edit]
Manicina areolata is found in the Caribbean Sea, the Bahamas and Florida. The massive form is found on reefs attached to rocks but the unattached form is found on areas of broken coral fragments and on sandy or muddy substrates including lagoons and turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum) meadows.[3] The depth range of this coral is from 1 to 65 metres (200 feet).[2]
Biology [edit]
The unattached cone-shaped form of Manicina areolata can right itself if overturned by a fish, current or wave action. It does this by inflating itself by filling its interior with water and then emitting jets of water on one side to make the whole structure topple over. It is a slow process and is more difficult to achieve as the coral grows larger. This may be the reason that this coral seldom exceeds a diameter of 10 centimetres (3.9 in).[5] This coral can rid itself of sediment that threatens to engulf it by producing mucus and sloughing this and the sediment that adheres to it like a skin.[2] The tissues of this coral contain symbiotic unicellular algae called zooxanthella.[1]
Manicina areolata is a hermaphrodite, the gametes are produced around the time of the full moon in May and June. Fertilisation is internal and the larvae are brooded inside the colony for two weeks before being released simultaneously on the night of the new moon. The larvae may drift planktonically or settle immediately.[5]
References [edit]
- ^ a b van der Land, Jacob (2012). "Manicina areolata (Linnaeus, 1758)". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
- ^ a b c Colin, Patrick L. (1978). Marine Invertebrates and Plants of the Living Reef. T.F.H. Publications. p. 251–254. ISBN 0-86622-875-6.
- ^ a b "Rose coral (Manicina areolata)". Interactive Guide to Caribbean Diving. Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
- ^ "Manicina areolata (Linnaeus 1758)". Coralpedia. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
- ^ a b Johnson, Kenneth. "Manicina areolata (rose coral)". Natural History Museum. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
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