Overview
Distribution
Range Description
Pithecia monachus monachus has a relatively wide range in the upper Amazon. It is found throughout eastern Ecuador and Peru, south to Ucayali and east to the Rio Juruá in Brazil. In Colombia, it occurs south of the Caquetá River (including the Columbian trapezium) to the region of Puerto Lopez (Defler 2004).
Pithecia monachus milleri has a poorly known range, but is thought to occur between the Orteguaza River to the Putumayo River up to about 500-600 m in Colombia. (T. Defler pers. comm.). The exact limit between the subspecies is unknown. It may be found between the Ríos Caguán and Yarí.
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Geographic Range
Also known as Pithecia hirsuta, Pithecia monachus can be found in northwestern Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru (Nowak, 1999). Members of this species occur in the Colombian trapezius north of the Amazon, and extend from north of the Putumayo River to the southern bank of the Yari, Caqueta and Orinoco rivers. The range of Pithecia monachus is limited to the upper elevations of well-developed rain forests of these regions (Hernandez-Camacho and Cooper, 1976).
Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )
- Hernandez-Camacho, J., R. Cooper. 1976. The Nonhuman Primates of Colombia. Pp. 35-69 in R Thorington, Jr., P Heltne, eds. Neotropical Primates. Washington D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.
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Physical Description
Morphology
Physical Description
Sakis are characterized by their small size of 30-50 cm and very heavy, thick and nonprehensile tail which adds 25-55 cm to their body length (Nowak, 1999). The face of the monk saki is partly bald but bearded with a hood of curly black hair covering the forehead. The nostrils are laterally positioned on the face (Flannery 2004). Sakis are generally black, but their hands and feet are light in color.
The skull morphology is distinctive: the orbits are separated from the brain case by a frontal depression. The incisors are forward-facing, long canines are present and used to break the hard skin of fruits. They have quadritubercular molars with deep basins (Seth & Seth, 1986).
The hands are similar to those of Aloutta spp. in that they exhibit a split between the second and third digits (Moynihan, 1976). Each digit has a nail, and the front limbs are shaped for gripping branches after a leap. The hind legs are modified for fast and far leaping. Vision is stereoscopic for an arboreal habitat.
Range mass: 1 to 2 kg.
Range length: 30 to 50 cm.
- Seth, P., S. Seth. 1986. The Primates. New Delhi/Allahabad: Northern Book Centre.
- Flannery, S. 2004. "Monk Saki (Pithecia monachus)" (On-line). Primate Behavior. Accessed November 03, 2004 at http://members.tripod.com/uakari/pithecia_monachus.html.
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Ecology
Habitat
Habitat and Ecology
Systems
- Terrestrial
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Habitat
Arboreal, high canopy dwellers. They are very nervous around humans and disturbance, thus very little data has surfaced on the lifestyle of P. monacha. However, scientists agree that the tallest trees available (from 10-35 meters tall) are the habitat of choice for these animals, and in most instances they are the sole primate inhabiting this niche.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest
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Trophic Strategy
Food Habits
The diet of the monk saki is frugivorous but also includes seeds, nuts, and some insect material. They have also been documented to prey on bats (Moynihan, 1976; Hershkovitz, 1977). They use their large canines to break their food before ingesting it. The monk saki's high quality diet restricts their range in that they must be able to sequester enough high-protein food for their immediate family group (Terborgh, 1983).
Animal Foods: mammals; insects
Plant Foods: seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit
Primary Diet: herbivore (Frugivore )
- Hershkovitz, P. 1981. Living New World Monkeys(Platyrrhini)-With an Introduction to Primates: Volume 1. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
- Terborgh, J. 1983. Five New World Primates: A Study in Comparative Ecology. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
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Life History and Behavior
Life Expectancy
Lifespan/Longevity
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 14.0 years.
Average lifespan
Sex: female
Status: captivity: 24.6 years.
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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
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Reproduction
Reproduction
Adult, monogamous pairs breed for life.
Mating System: monogamous
Pairs raise a maximum of a single offspring per breeding season. Monk sakis typically retain a family group size of 4.5 individuals on average. Females are in estrus for approximately 18 days, and after conception members of this genus gestate for approximately 170 days (Nowak, 1999).
Average number of offspring: 1.
Average gestation period: 170 days.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); viviparous
Average birth mass: 120.67 g.
Average number of offspring: 1.
Young cling to female's belly when young, and then move to her back as they approach weaning age (Britannica, 1981).
Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); extended period of juvenile learning
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Conservation
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Version
Year Assessed
Assessor/s
Reviewer/s
Contributor/s
Justification
History
- 2003Least Concern(IUCN 2003)
- 2000Lower Risk/least concern
- 1996Lower Risk/least concern
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Conservation Status
This species is rated "Least Concern" by the IUCN, as there are still believed to be substantial populuations in the upper Amazon basin. It is listed on Appendix II of CITES, so there are restrictions on international trade of the animals or their parts.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: appendix ii
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
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Trends
Population
Population Trend
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Threats
Threats
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Management
Conservation Actions
P. m. monachus occurs in the following national parks in Colombia: Cahuinaría, Amacayacu, and Puré (T. Defler pers. comm.).
The species occurs in several reserves and protected areas in Peru, but protection may be limited. Reported to occur in the Cuyabeno Reserve in Ecuador (de la Torre et al. 1995).
It is listed on CITES Appendix II.
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Wikipedia
Monk saki
The monk saki, Pithecia monachus, is a species of saki monkey, a type of New World monkey, from South America. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. It lives in forested areas. It can grow up to be 37–48 cm long and weigh about 1.5-3 kilograms, approximately the same as a large rabbit. The tail can be up to 40 or 50 centimeters long. .[citation needed] It has coarse fur, and was almost hunted to extinction in the late 1900s.[citation needed] It has long, shaggy hair framing its face and on its neck and a thick, bushy tail. A shy, wary animal, it is totally arboreal, living high in the trees and sometimes descending to lower levels but not to the ground. It generally moves on all fours but may sometimes walk upright on a large branck and will leap across gaps. During the day, it moves in pairs or small family groups, feeding on fruits, berries, honey, some leaves, small mammals such as mice and bats, and birds. The female gives birth to 1 young.
References
- Macmillian Illustrated Animal Encyclopedia
 | Wikispecies has information related to: Monk Saki |
- ^ Groves, C. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. eds. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 147-148. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=12100366.
- ^ Marsh, L. & Veiga, L. M. (2008). Pithecia monachus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 3 January 2009.
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