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reef-associated; brackish; marine; depth range 1 - 100 m (Ref. 6949), usually 3 - 30 m (Ref. 40849)

De Sylva, D.P. 1990 Sphyraenidae. p. 860-864. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 6949) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=6949&speccode=1235
Gasparini, J.L. and S.R. Floeter 2001 The shore fishes of Trindade Island, western South Atlantic. J. Nat. Hist. 35:1639-1656. (Ref. 40849) http://www.fishbase.org/references/FBRefSummary.php?id=40849&speccode=92